Why the Cold War developed by 1949 Essay - 865 Words

By 1949, the Cold War had developed in many ways since 1945. The most significant factor to the development of the Cold War since the end of World War II, was the building of the Iron Curtain in 1946 which divided the communists countries of Eastern Europe from the non-communist countries of the West and considerably contributed to the hostilities between the West and the USSR. Other reasons why Cold War had developed by was because of the different ideology to begin with, the Marshall Plan and Truman Doctrine, the Berlin Blockade, the sphere of influence and the NATO, which united the Western powers. The most important reason why the Cold War had developed by 1949 was because of the building of the Iron Curtain, which divided the†¦show more content†¦The making of the Marshall Plan, lead to Stalin setting up ?Cominform? to try and strengthen Communism in Europe and to co-ordinate Communist parties. Stalin also stopped any countries from accepting the Marshall aid, and so the Truman Doctrine became very significant in developing the divide of Eastern and Western Europe. The Cold War is known to be about the two opposing sides, using one-upmanship on each other, and so the making of the Truman Doctrine demonstrates the sides retaliating to each others? actions, without fighting or disarming each other. Towards the end of the period of 1945 to 1949, the Berlin Blockade was planned by Stalin who felt threatened by the prosperity of West Germany and the uniting of the three other sectors of Germany (USA, France and Britain). He put his troops all the way around Berlin to stop people from entering and leaving the city and cut two million Berliners off. As the Cold War was not about fighting, because of the introduction of atomic bombs, the west found alternative methods to help the people inside Berlin who were cut off. They flew 8000 tonnes of food into Berlin every day, by plane, which landed and flew off every 90 seconds. In response, the Soviet fighters did not try and shoot the planes down, but did all they could to try and stop them, by distracting them with other planes in the sky. This developed the Cold War,Show MoreRelatedHistory Essay. Expansionism779 Words   |  4 PagesHow far do you agree with the view that the development of the Cold War in the years 1945-48 owed more to soviet expansionism than to the USA’s economic interests? Many historians argue that the development of the cold war in the years 1945-48 owed more to soviet expansionism than to the USA’s economic interests. Source 7 supports this view to an extent as it argues that the USSR ‘tightened its grip over the countries of central and eastern Europe’ and how the ‘western attitudes had hardened’Read MoreWhy do states seek to acquire nuclear weapons? Millions of people round the globe are wondering why1100 Words   |  5 Pages Why do states seek to acquire nuclear weapons? Millions of people round the globe are wondering why some nations acquired and acquiring nuclear weapons. Since during the epoch of world II, nuclear weapons have been in existence and has been used by the United States in August, 1945, against the nation of Japan. Similarly, it is one of the central issue and controversial topic for the international security when it was developed and especially in this present time. Five plus one nations (super powers)Read MoreThe Cold War Had A Myriad Of Factors That Contributed To1371 Words   |  6 PagesThe Cold War had a myriad of factors that contributed to the ignition of the war between the United States and the USSR, but the primary contributing factors, such as the Nuclear Arms Race, the Cuban Missile Crisis, and the Blockade of Berlin, shows the USSR is to blame for causing the Cold War, even though the United States is responsible because of the policy of containment. The Cold War had many factors that contributed to the start of the war between the United States and the USSR, but theRead MoreNuclear War1088 Words   |  5 Pagesthe agreement however refused. The Soviet Union had semiconductor diode the approach within the development of intercontinental flight missiles when its launch of the primary synthetic satellite, Sputnik , in 1957. in exactly many years, it had developed associate degree arsenal of long and medium vary missiles that had raised alarm in Washington. Jack Kennedy|United States President|President|Chief Executive} had even campaigned for workplace on a claim that President general had allowed the SovietRead MoreThe Cold War : A New History1650 Words   |  7 PagesThe Cold War lasted for forty years, from 1945 to 1985. Few historians took the time to address the events as they unfolded thus leaving most people with little or no explanations of the development of the war. During this fearful period, nine presidents served Americans and each president thought that the war carried a lot of dangers for forty five years. Accordingly, young Americans, Soviets and other citizens of the world require the services of a schola r with extraordinary gifts to provide insightRead More Vietnam and The Cold War Essay1299 Words   |  6 PagesVietnam and The Cold War It is impossible to accurately describe the major events that occurred during the cold war without mentioning the war in Vietnam. From its start, this war has been very controversial concerning its purposes and effects on the countries involved. Both sides of this war lost a great number of soldiers and most of these men and women were not even sure why they were fighting. To this day, there is still a lot of uncertainty about the events that took place during thisRead MoreThe United States And The World From A Nuclear Holocaust1408 Words   |  6 Pageshave potentially result in their immediate destruction. Before this event, no one had truly considered the potential damage nuclear weapons could cause, but only realized the consequences as war became a possible reality. During those crucial 13 days, John Kennedy and his administrators crafted and developed solutions that would ultimately save the United States and the world from a nuclear holocaust. During the Cuban Missile crisis, John F. Kennedy was forced to make many difficult decisions onRead MoreCompetition Is The Driving Factor Of Technological Innovations1440 Words   |  6 Pagesreason why we have varieties in products qualities. In other words the claim is that if Apple was not in the market, Microsoft would not have been what it is today. The same argument goes for cellular phones claiming that if there has not been a Samsung S5 there would not have been an iphone 6. In a more historical context the Manhattan project would have not been in place if it wasn’t for the war and Germany trying to produce the nuclear bomb. In later years the competition in the cold war era wouldRead MoreCauses Of The Cold War1716 Words   |  7 PagesThe Cold War, a conflict between the United States and Soviet Union, the two global superpowers at the time. Given the name â€Å"Cold War† only for the fact that neither the Soviet Union nor the United States fought directly with one another, instead the war was waged through allies in the form of proxy wars and through increased use of intensive espionage, a never-ending arms race, immense technological competition and on a political forefront as both sides tried to gain the upper hand. The Cold WarRead MoreWar Is A Very Traffic And Devastating Event That Not Only1637 Words   |  7 PagesWar is a very traffic and devastating event that not only affects those directly involved with the fight but also the rest of the population sitting and waiting back in their homes. The idea of war such as the Cold War being associated with Dr.Suess s, The Butter Battle Book, should not be the focus of a children s book. People like Joseph Stalin and events such as the creation of missiles and bombs and the cuban missile crisis played a significant role in the Cold War. Joseph Stalin was a powerful

The Importance Of Protecting Businesses By Using Patents,...

â€Å"You shall not steal, nor deal falsely, nor lie to one another† Leviticus 19:11 (Dake’s Annontated Reference Bible) is the basic principle of life as well business. Everyone understands what stealing means, but forgets you are stealing when you take a business’s logo, name, trademark, or identity. Stealing does not have to be a physical object that belongs to a business. It can be something that they have created such as a song or product. This paper will talk about the importance of protecting businesses by using patents, copyrights, trademarks, trade secrets, and businesses property rights. Patents The United States Patent Office is where companies or individuals can file documents to obtain a legal monopoly for a product or process that they have created (Jennings, 2015). Three types of patents include utility or machines lasting 20 years, the design, or production that lasts 14 years, and plant that lasts 20 years. Because of the race to be the first person to invent or create a product the America Invents Act (AIA) came about in 2011. This allowed Americans to compete with other countries that had filed before them as well as increase the patent process from 3 to 4 years to 12 months. A patent holder has the right to solely profit from the patent. If someone steals the idea the individual has created then they have done a patent infringement. This entitles the patent holder to damages and legal action against the party that stole the idea. In order for aShow MoreRelatedIntellectual Property And The Copyright Act Of 19761688 Words   |  7 PagesIntellectual property represents ideas created by minds of humans that require certain rights for their use. Intellectual property gives companies a competitive advantage and attracts the attention of other business partners and investors (Lee, 2016). With such importance, it is necessary for the law to protect these ideas from being used by unauthorized individuals. To shield from this, trade secrets, patents, and copyrights are used to protect the ownership of intellectual property (Legal InformationRead MoreIntellectual Property Is The Legal Term2145 Words   |  9 PagesIntellectual property is the legal term that refers to the creation of minds, such as inventors, music, literature, artistic works, words, phrases, symbol and designs. Under intellectual property law, the owner of intellectual property is granted certain exclusive rights. Basically, Intellectual property is the term that refers to the creation of mind: inventions, literary and artistic work; names, symbol and images used in commerce, trade. Intellectual property is divided into two kinds †¢ Copyright: ItRead MoreIntellectual Property Is The Legal Term2138 Words   |  9 PagesIntellectual property is the legal term that refers to the creation of minds, such as inventors, music, literature, artistic works, words, phrases, symbol and designs. Under intellectual property law, the owner of intellectual property is granted certain exclusive rights. Basically, Intellectual property is the term that refers to the creation of mind: inventions, literary and artistic work; names, symbol and images used in commerce, trade. Intellectual property is divided into two kinds †¢ Copyright: ItRead MoreIntellectual Property in Singapore Essay3319 Words   |  14 PagesIntroduction to Intellectual property and various property laws in Singapore First of all, the definition of Intellectual property refers to the creation of mind, such as literary and artistic works, inventions, designs, names, symbols, logos and even images used in industries. Some example of Intellectual property are that business owners, they are given exclusive rights for the use of their trademark or even their identity, logo, which were originally established by them. Even for creative artistesRead MoreEstablish the Business in Totalitarian or Democratic System3405 Words   |  14 Pagespolitical system to be the ideal form of government that provides a stable business environment for international companies. The report will address why I agree with this statement and it will include all the supporting evidences from diverse countries using either of the political system. 1. Overview of democratic and totalitarian political systems Democratic political system is a system whereby the government leaders of a country are elected directly by a wide or broad participation of the populationRead MoreRole of Wto in Protecting Ipr3290 Words   |  14 PagesOrganization in Protecting Intellectual Property Rights Authors 1. Satyendra Narayan Singh Assistant Professor GNIT, Greater Noida. Mob. 9654151872 2. Alok Mohan Assistant Professor, RBMI, Greater Noida. Mob. 9717047774 Abstract Now a days protection of Intellectual Property Rights has become a very essential aspect for every country because so many Intellectual Properties are of national interest. Copyright, patents, trademarks, designs andRead MoreBarriers to Foreign Investment in the Chinese Internet Industry1675 Words   |  7 Pagesdistribution and poor enforcement of intellectual property laws. This article explains the barriers facing high-tech companies in China. [pic] Introduction | | China has the largest population and one of the fastest-growing economies in the world. If only one percent of its population participates in the New Economy, China will provide a market of more than 13 million potential customers for Internet businesses around the world. Today, China has approximatelyRead MoreCopyright Protection on Internet9657 Words   |  39 PagesBUSINESS COPYRIGHT PROTECTION ON INTERNET (08BS0001781) SECTION-F Contents {text:bookmark-start} INTRODUCTION {text:bookmark-end} {text:bookmark-start} 1.1 About Intellectual Property [1] {text:bookmark-end} It is not material wants that seek ownership, but the ideas, skills and moral aspirations need equal protection. It refers to creations of the mind: inventions, literary and artistic works, symbols, names, images, and designs used in commerce. Intellectual property is dividedRead MoreInternational Business Club At Your School1154 Words   |  5 Pages1. Suppose you have become the president of the International Business Club at your school. You are trying to recruit new members and find many students do not recognise the importance of international business or the career opportunities available to them. You decide to give a presentation on this theme. Prepare a short presentation (150 words) in which you explain: a. what types of companies participate in international business, and b. possible career opportunities from studying internationalRead MoreIp Strategy For Greentech Ltd2342 Words   |  10 PagesSummary Modern businesses cannot survive if they are unable to create, exploit, while at the same time ensure that Intellectual Property (IP) is protected; RD efforts would be compromised, as well. In addition to the expertise provided by professionals, it is nowadays important for organizations to have an IP strategy, or an IP portfolio management process that is aligned to their business processes (Shultz 1996). A clear Intellectual Property Strategy is of significant importance as an organization

Management Hierarchies Australian Hospitals â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Management Hierarchies Australian Hospitals? Answer: Introducation Human resource management plays most important role in health and social care as it is well-known fact that employees are the real asset of every company and its effective management leads to favorable results for the business. Further, all the operations carried out by the health care enterprise are most crucial as they have to render various services to the patients as per their needs(Bartram, Stanton, Leggat, Casimir, Fraser, 2007). Therefore, it is necessary to recruit right employees who have proper knowledge and skills for the betterment of the company. Apart from this, large numbers of challenges are faced by companies at the time of recruiting efficient workforce such as finding the skilled workforce, inappropriate recruitment strategies, etc. The present study carried out is based on Baxter International Inc which is an American healthcare company headquartered in Illinois. The company renders the wide range of services where the main focus is on treating diseases such as k idney, immunity disorder, hemophilia, acute medical conditions, etc. The entire report focuses on the challenges faced by Baxter at the time of recruiting new professionals along with other human resource issues. Challenges for recruiting workforce in organization Baxter International Inc carried out all the operations on the wider basis, and this is the main reason due to which company has to hire the workforce that posses right skills and knowledge. Further, it is a well-known fact that all the operations performed in healthcare organization are crucial and they need to be carried out properly(Alfes, Truss, Soane, Rees, Gatenby, 2013). This is the main reason due to which right talent has to be hired within the company. Baxter Inc. has to face a large number of challenges while satisfying its human resource need. The first main issue is finding the right talent as it becomes difficult to identify whether the person is fit for the position. The key requirement of the company is the professional who have high experience in the medical field and can treat different patients. So, at the time of searching for any new professional company focuses on recruiting the individual who have high experience. But sometimes individuals with high experience do not possess right skills, and this generally leads to unfavorable outcomes for the business(Boon, Paauwe, Boselie, Den Hartog, 2009). No doubt, the healthcare sector of Australia is competitive, and this is the main reason due to which every company is in search for the skilled workforce. In the hiring, process company has undertaken various stages such as every candidate who applies in Baxter for any specific position has to undergo examination through which knowledge and skill level is tested. So, this sometimes proves to be beneficial for the business. In case if the right talent is not available in the workplace then patients have to suffer a lot where right treatment is not delivered(Brewster Mayrhofer, 2012) to them. The absence of right talent negatively affects brand image of Baxter where sometimes patients does not prefer to access healthcare services of the company. Therefore, in this way finding right talent as per the bu siness need is the major challenge that influences overall productivity of the company. Another key human resource issue faced by Baxter Inc is labor supply and demand where it has been found that in Australia demand for skilled healthcare professionals is high but on the other hand supply on the basis of that is limited. The imbalance present in between demand and supply is regarded as the main hurdle. Baxter Inc. is in search for skilled employees but due to the presence of inappropriate supply company is unable to render effective services. No doubt large numbers of people are present who are not having the job but the level of skill employee required by the healthcare company is not available(Harris, Cortvriend, Hyde, 2007). In case if the proper supply of the knowledgeable employees is present then in such case the internal operations of the Baxter Inc can be carried out smoothly, and in turn, it acts as the development tool for the business. Baxter Inc. focuses on the treatment of diseases such as kidney, immunity disorder, hemophilia etc so in this case supply o f skilled professional who can treat these types of patients is limited in Australia. Further, at the time of hiring candidates within the workplace organizational image is considered to be most where the image of Baxter Inc. in the entire market is positive and due to this reason a large number of individual approach company at the time when the specific requirement is present(Leggat, Bartram, Stanton, 2011). But on the other hand, considering the high requirement of the business no individual is easily selected by the company. In short, Baxter Inc. strongly focuses on analyzing skill and knowledge level of the candidate who applies for any specific position in the company. In case if any candidate meets the requirement then only individual is given a chance to work otherwise not. Recruitment strategy is also another challenge for the business where Baxter Inc. has to design effective recruitment strategy for hiring the most suitable candidate. Different modes of recruitment are present that are mainly divided into internal and external. Considering the internal mode of recruitment Baxter Inc. satisfies its human resource need internally such as transferring professional from one department to another, hiring with the help of employee referral, etc(Myers Dreachslin, 2007). On the other hand, external sources of recruitment are also present where advertisement, educational institutions, former employees, etc. are the methods that are undertaken by Baxter Inc for hiring professionals. Generally, both the sources are undertaken by the healthcare company while recruiting any candidate, but they have not supported in satisfying its actual need. So, in this case, Baxter Inc has to search for some other alternatives so that skilled professionals can be hired for serving patients with different needs. Many times company has hired new employees with the help of advertisement, but this has to lead to unfavorable results for the firm as such staff members were not at all able to satisfy the business needs regarding serving pat ients(Rodwell Teo, Strategic HRM in for-profit and non-profit organizations in a knowledge-intensive industry: The same issues predict performance for both types of organization. , 2004). In order to understand the concept of recruitment in better manner different models are present, that involves contingency hiring, retained search, exclusive requirements, executive search and recruitment process outsourcing. In contingency hiring whenever any organization comes across any specific requirement then it gives to the consultant at the same time. In this method, there is no assurance given to recruiter regarding their salary(Stanton, Young, Bartram, Leggat, 2010). In retained search method the recruitment consultant works for specific business need, and the payment is given into two parts where the fixed amount is paid by the business for search activity. The exclusive requirement is another effective strategy where the company gives requirement to the recruitment agency and in this strategy recruiter assist the client to close specific position within the specific date(CiteHr, 2015). So, in this way, these are some of the well-known recruitment strategies that are empl oyed by the companies to satisfy their human resource need. Further, it depends on every organization which recruitment mode to select considering the entire cost and benefits associated with the every strategy(Vermeeren, Steijn, Tummers, Lankhaar, Poerstamper, Van Beek, 2014). Sometimes it is possible that company is not able to select appropriate recruitment strategy and the results derived from the same are not at all favorable for the company. Demographic issue is also critical that acts as hurdle at the time when Baxter Inc hires any new employee for any specific position(Townsend, Wilkinson, Bartram, Guest editors' note: Lifting the standards of practice and research?Hospitals and HRM., 2011). For instance, if healthcare company wants to hire the experienced professional of 4 years who lies in the age group of 35 to 45 for treating kidney patients. Then in such case challenge is faced when professionals lying under this age group are not present. Along with this professional of 60 years and above age are present who are about to reach in the retirement age so this acts as the main issue for the firm. Further, diversity is another major issue where at present the employees who are working in Baxter Inc are different form background in the form of culture, religion, preference, etc(Rodwell Teo, The influence of strategic HRM and sector on perceived performance in health services organizations, 2008). Therefore, managing diversified workforce is the main challenge for the healthcare company as their perception varies from each other and sometimes situation of conflict arises within the company such as at the time of taking decision, etc. Moreover, same is the case when new employee has to be hired in the company then the first challenge is to decide what type of professional is needed in terms of background, culture, etc(Townsend Wilkinson, Managing under pressure: HRM in hospitals, 2010). Generally new employee face lot of difficulties in adjusting to the internal environment of the company and sometimes high diversified workforce acts as challenge. Conclusion The entire study carried out has supported in knowing about the key challenges that are faced by Baxter Inc at the time of hiring new employees within the workplace. Further, the areas that act like the issue for the healthcare company involves recruitment strategy, finding the right talent, the demographic issue that involves age, diversified workforce, etc. It has the direct impact on the productivity of the company. No doubt Baxter Inc has to serve different type of patients as per their actual need, and due to this reason there is a need to hire skilled professionals within the workplace. On the basis of the conclusion there are some recommendations to the company and they are as follows: It is recommended to rely more on internal source of recruitment such as promoting the existing employees to higher level as it is reliable as compared with the outside source of recruitment. Through this motivation level of present employees can be enhanced easily For management of diversified workforce they must be encouraged to involve in the business at maximum level The best recruitment strategy is to post requirement on the website of the company and along with this company can take assistance of the large recruitment agencies that can assist in finding right talent In order to analyze the skill and knowledge level of the candidate company can redesign its interview system where different situations can be given to the candidate on which individual has to act. So, this can assist in knowing whether individual can serve different type of patients confidently or not. Further, main focus must on developing the present workforce of the company and their knowledge development can surely assist in serving different type of patients as per their real expectations. Company can take suggestions from its employees in relation with the best way to hire new candidate Approaching professionals who are working in other healthcare organization and offering them higher pay can surely support Baxter Inc to deal with the issue linked with the recruiting talent employees within the workplace. So, in this way, these are some of the suggestions through which Baxter Inc can surely deal with the issues that are faced at the time of recruiting new professionals and experts for serving the different type of patients in the workplace. References Alfes, K., Truss, C., Soane, E. C., Rees, C., Gatenby, M. (2013). The relationship between line manager behavior, perceived HRM practices, and individual performance: Examining the mediating role of engagement. Human resource management , 839-859. Bartram, T., Stanton, P., Leggat, S., Casimir, G., Fraser, B. (2007). Lost in translation: exploring the link between HRM and performance in healthcare. Human Resource Management Journal , 21-41. Boon, C., Paauwe, J., Boselie, P., Den Hartog, D. (2009). nstitutional pressures and HRM: developing institutional fit. Personnel Review , 492-508. Brewster, C., Mayrhofer, W. (2012). Handbook of research on comparative human resource management. United Kingdom: Edward Elgar Publishing. CiteHr. (2015, August 17). Different Types of Recruitment Models. Retrieved September 23, 2017, from CiteHr: https://www.citehr.com/239695-types-recruitment-models.html Harris, C., Cortvriend, P., Hyde, P. (2007). Human resource management and performance in healthcare organisations. Journal of health organization and management , 448-459. Leggat, S. G., Bartram, T., Stanton, P. (2011). High performance work systems: the gap between policy and practice in health care reform. Journal of Health Organization and Management , 281-297. Myers, V. L., Dreachslin, J. L. (2007). Recruitment and retention of a diverse workforce: Challenges and opportunities. Journal of Healthcare Management, , 290. Rodwell, J. J., Teo, S. T. (2004). Strategic HRM in for-profit and non-profit organizations in a knowledge-intensive industry: The same issues predict performance for both types of organization. . Public Management Review , 311-331. Rodwell, J. J., Teo, S. T. (2008). The influence of strategic HRM and sector on perceived performance in health services organizations. The International Journal of Human Resource Management , 1825-1841. Stanton, P., Young, S., Bartram, T., Leggat, S. G. (2010). Singing the same song: translating HRM messages across management hierarchies in Australian hospitals. The International Journal of Human Resource Management , 567-581. Townsend, K., Wilkinson, A. (2010). Managing under pressure: HRM in hospitals. Human Resource Management Journal , 332-338. Townsend, K., Wilkinson, A., Bartram, T. (2011). Guest editors' note: Lifting the standards of practice and research?Hospitals and HRM. Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources , 131-137. Vermeeren, B., Steijn, B., Tummers, L., Lankhaar, M., Poerstamper, R. J., Van Beek, S. (2014). HRM and its effect on employee, organizational and financial outcomes in health care organizations. Human resources for health , 35.

Women and traumatic experiences

Introduction Typical societies comprise individuals of different race, gender, ethnic group, disability status, religious belief, and level of education. Based on these differences, there maybe minority and majority groups in the societies. A scenario is often witnessed in the societies whereby one group of individuals exercise power over the other group, which is forced to be submissive even to very cruel orders or actions.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Women and traumatic experiences specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Oppression is one area that currently attracts the attention of different psychologists. It refers to exercising authority and power on somebody in a cruel and unjustifiable manner. The oppression in this case can take different forms. It could be a physical oppression like physical abuse. It could also be psychological oppression following some strange event like earthquake, terrible accident, or sexual abuse. Oppression can pose adverse health problems to the victims. Whereas some forms of oppression are mild and can be tolerated, some kinds of oppression are severe and the victims may not overcome their undesirable negative consequences. The victims of such oppression in the societies are usually the minority groups in the society like those with disabilities. Females and children are other categories that are vulnerable to such effects of oppression. One of the effects of such oppression, especially on females, is psychological trauma. An individual is mentally disturbed following an experience of some oppression in this situation. A traumatic experience often translates into posttraumatic stress disorder whereby an individual is haunted by the experience. The condition is associated with various changes in the function of the individual’s central nervous system. Such individuals have difficulties in accommodating such events if they reoccur. The management of suc h situations requires an understanding of the history of one’s experiences. A psychologist is able to help such individuals to manage their emotions that are disturbed by the traumatic experiences. The psychologists must be able to understand how trauma manifests itself among different individuals. Proper therapy will then be developed depending on the identified causative factors. This paper focuses on the responses of females to traumatic experience like rape or natural disaster. It illuminates on the manifestation of this condition. It also focuses on how psychologists can intervene to help such individuals restore their normal emotions. Trauma and its symptoms Trauma is a condition in which an individual is mentally disturbed following some experience. A common traumatic experience that pose medical problem is rape committed by males on females. Sexual abuse by men is a kind of psychological oppression on women that poses mental disturbance to the latter.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More They are also more vulnerable to other forms of discrimination like in employment or accesses to equitable social amenities than the males (McKenzie, 10). Females are also vulnerable to other traumatic events like natural disasters. The reactions of individuals to such events or experiences are often different. Whereas others may assume the event to be normal and deny its gravity, others are not able to accommodate them and are overwhelmed by the experience. The effects of such traumatic experiences also take different periods to be manifested in different individuals. The effects could be visible for as short as one week or it could take a number of decades. Some of these effects will be visible whereas others will be reflected on the victims’ actions. An individual who has had a traumatic experience has an unpredictable pattern of emotions and behaviors. The individuals are seen to have irregular responses to similar stimuli. The individual might be impressed by a given action or behavior in one instance only to be annoyed by the same behavior the next instance. The individuals also have hot tempers and are irritated by minor issues (Snelgrove, para.7). Stress related to trauma is also characterized by a confused state of mind. The victims have difficulties in concentrating in a given task especially those calling for effective decision-making. They show signs of anxiety and depression and may find difficulties in eating or sleeping well (Snelgrove, para.7). The inability to concentrate on a given task will reflect on one’s performance at work place. A significant drop in the level of performance of an individual at work place will be an indicator that the individual is undergoing some stress following a traumatic experience. Trauma also affects the social life of the victims. The females who have suffered some oppression from th e male counterparts find it difficult in developing a relationship with the males. They tend to avoid these individuals lest the same scenario occurs (Snelgrove, para.7). They always have an unnecessary flashback of their experience and would always want to keep some distance from the â€Å"bully† men. Extreme traumatic experiences may cause adverse physical health problems. The victims may experience headaches, chest pain, and nausea. Such individuals may also have abnormal response like increased heartbeat following a very mild experience.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Women and traumatic experiences specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Effects of traumatic experience Traumatic experiences have physical, mental, and behavioral effects on the victims. These victims tend to engage in abuse of psychoactive substances like drugs and alcohol. Addiction to such substances has adverse effects on the physiologica l, behavioral, cognitive development of the victims (World health organization, para.1). The victims develop addictive disorders and are not able to stop these habits despite their adverse effects. Extreme traumatic experiences also lead to persistent anxiety and depression among the victims. Medical conditions like high blood pressure and heart diseases (heart failure) are also adverse effects of traumatic experience. This results from the effects of stress on the body physiology of the victims. The effects of a traumatic experience are also made worse if there are other pre-existing medical conditions. Victims of other medical conditions like diabetes, asthma, or chronic cold will have more pronounced medical conditions from the stress. Managing traumatic stress While some experiences can be accommodated and managed by the affected individuals, other experiences are extreme and require an intervention by a psychologist. In order to manage the stress and disorders following traumat ic experiences, psychologists need to understand that trauma occurs differently in different people. They need to understand that the healing process of such disorders may require a lot of time (Fanon, 264). Different people perceive the factors that are associated with traumatic experience differently. What one may consider as a traumatic experience may not have effects on the other person. It is important to note that the rates at which individuals recover from a traumatic experience are also different. These are determined by a number of factors. Consequently, the kind of psychological therapy provided to such individuals may also be different. Firstly, the extremity of a given traumatic experience will affect the rate of reaction or response to the condition. It will have effects on how the victim will manage the posttraumatic stress disorders. The components of the events that are traumatic are of important consideration in that an exposure to a single traumatic event may have a series of adverse experiences that have long-term effects (McFarlane Bryant, para.7). A female who had a serious sexual abuse and sustained physical injuries may take long time to come to terms with this experience. The oppression could have been inflicted on more than one female in a single scenario. The stress following the experience will be more adverse in case there were associated losses of lives. Similarly, massive destruction of property and loss of life from some major natural disaster may cause serious psychological problems.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Secondly, even for the traumatic experiences with similar magnitudes, the individuals have different abilities to manage the resulting mental disturbances. The number of times that such experiences have occurred in an individual’s life may affect how the individuals responds to, and recovers from, a given traumatic experience. An individual who has had a challenging traumatic experience and managed it well is better placed to cope up with a similar situation if it happens again. Another factor that affects an individual’s response to traumatic experience is the presence of other psychological challenges experienced by the individual. High poverty levels or lack of proper housing may worsen traumatic stresses (Anishnawbe Health Toronto, 16). Individuals with other psychological problems like that emanating from domestic violence or a long-term health problem like hypertension may find it difficult to cope up with an emotional disturbance following a traumatic experience . The consideration of these factors will enable psychologists and other mental health care specialists to develop a differential approach to help the victims manage the different situations. The psychologists and healthcare specialists should be able to risks of different individuals being harmed by the stresses or their possibility of harming others (Anishnawbe Health Toronto, 36). The gravity of mental health disorder caused is also considered here. The psychologists provide proper guidance to these individuals on how to respond to the serious stress and depression from such experiences. The therapy provided by the psychologists might incorporate different initiatives. Firstly, the psychologists should come up with group discussions that involve individuals with similar traumatic experiences. The psychologists need to encourage the victims to be relaxed and comfortable to share their feelings with the others. They should be encouraged to talk it out to friends and others with the same experience (Snelgrove, para.8). Meeting other individuals with similar experiences will motivate the victims to cope up with their emotional problems. The stress disorders are also characterized by unstable state of mind that can be corrected by relaxation techniques. The individuals should be encouraged to have enough rest or sleep to relieve some related stress. An application of other relaxation techniques is necessary in case an individual has difficulties in getting asleep. The techniques include reflexology, body massage, and physical exercises. The management of the stress disorders also requires that the victims have a healthy eating habit (Snelgrove, para.9). The psychologists should encourage the victims to eat adequate balanced diet. The victims of posttraumatic stress disorders may turn to alcohol and drugs to help them manage the stress and depression. This may lead to other health problems thus retarding the healing process (Snelgrove, para.9). A proper psychothe rapy practice will discourage use alcohol and drugs in managing stress from a traumatic experience. Besides, traumatic experiences are rekindled by occasions that are organized in memory of such events. An annual or biennial anniversary of some catastrophic event often regenerates fresh memories of the event by the victims. This makes management of the resulting conditions difficult. As such, such victims are not supposed to be allowed access or be exposed to such memorial occasions. The management of posttraumatic disorders has certain challenges. Depression is one major medical problem resulting from such traumatic experiences. Despite, the numerous methods that can be use to treat the conditions, the victims are reluctant to take the medications (Bell, para.12). They argue that they are very comfortable with their situations and will sort it out with others in the neighborhood. In such cases, there is need for the family members of such victims to intervene and subject the indivi duals to the appropriate medical care. The failure to take the appropriate mental health care initiatives results into scenes of crimes in the societies that are harmful to individuals within and outside the victims’ vicinity (Bell, para.12). It is also important to note that the period that elapses before a psychological or medical intervention is provided to victims of posttraumatic stress disorders will also determine the rate of recovery. An intervention that is provided immediately after the experience may work better than an intervention that is provided later in life. Conclusion It is thus important to acknowledge the fact that the traumatic experiences that individuals have (especially women) pose health challenges to the victims. Some of the experiences are mild and the victims may manage them without the intervention of other specialists. On the other hand, some of the situations may have adverse medical effects on the individuals and lead to various societal proble ms. The effects of traumatic experiences also occur differently in different people. These different situations should be identified at the right in order to make their management easier. It is the responsibility of every individual in the society to ensure that the victims of such mental disorders receive the appropriate medication. Works Cited Anishnawbe. â€Å"Health Toronto.† Mental Health Strategy. 2005. Web. Bell, Thaddeus. Film: Race and Medicine: Drapetomania, ICYOU. 2009. Web. Fanon, Frantz. â€Å"Colonial war and mental disorders.† The Wretched of the Earth. New York: Grove. 2004. Web. McFarlane, Alexander C. and Bryant, Richard A. â€Å"Post-traumatic stress disorder in occupational settings: anticipating and managing the risk.† Occupational Medicine, 57 (6): 404-410. 2007. Web. McKenzie, Kwame. Re-Conceptualizing â€Å"Trauma†: Examining the Mental Health Impact of Discrimination, Torture Migration for Racialized Groups in Toronto.  Web. Sn elgrove, Toby. Dealing with Traumatic Stress, Easton-Snelgrove. Web. World Health Organization. Substance Abuse. 2007. Web. This essay on Women and traumatic experiences was written and submitted by user Sage to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Hotel and Travel Vocabulary in Spanish

Hotel and Travel Vocabulary in Spanish Hotel reserved? Flights booked? Bags packed? Whats next is learning a few essential words to make your hotel stay a little easier. If youre headed to a Spanish-speaking country, your hotel is as good a place as any to practice Spanish. Your concierge or host will appreciate the effort and can help you with tricky pronunciations along the way. Different Hotel Types When in a country where Spanish is the primary language, travelers spend more time in their lodgings, called hospedajes, than any other place. If you have arrived in a Spanish-speaking  ubicacià ³n, which means location, nail down the type of hotel that you would prefer, also called a  hotel in Spanish, too.   Looking for a spa or resort? Then ask for the nearest balneario.  Want something deluxe, then you want something  de lugo!  Or looking more for a motel or inn, ask for el motel or la posada.  There are unique types of accommodations, or alojamientos, such as a  bed-and-breakfast, which is called a pensià ³n, or bungalows, called a bungalow in Spanish, too. Reservation Desk You have decided on the type of lodging, now you need to make reservations, called ​reservaciones. You will negotiate the costs, or tarifa, with the  hotelero, or hotelkeeper. It is appropriate to ask what the standard tip or propina should be for your bellhop, also called the botones. Upon checkout, you handle the bill, or la cuenta, with the hotelero. All About Your Room What kind of room, or  habitacià ³n, do you want? Want a suite, ask for a ​suite in Spanish, too. Do you need a single room, or  habitacià ³n sencilla?  Do you want a double, a habitacià ³n  doble, or a triple, also called a triple. Want to make sure you have a bathroom in your room, ask if it has a  baà ±o.   How about your bed, called a cama? Do you want a single bed, a cama de monja, or do you want a double bed, called a cama de matriomonio? Does it matter which floor, or piso, you are on? If you want to make sure you are on the ground floor ask for el piso bajo. Need directions to the ice machine? Ask for el hielo. How about a view, or vista, out your window? If you are in a beach locale, then perhaps la vista al mar, or a sea or ocean view, is important to you. Nice amenities to know about your room would be: Is there room service, or  el  servicio  en  cuarto? How about an in-room safe, called la caja de seguridad? Hotel Features The room is booked. You are officially a guest, or huesped. You are ready to explore the hotel amenities. Does it have a bar, also called bar, or a restaurant, called a restaurante? How about coffee in the morning? Where is  el cafà ©? The person who can guide you would be the concierge, or el conserje.   Are you in town for a convention, called la convencià ³n? Need to ask how to get to the convention hall? That would be called el salà ³n de convenciones. How about going out dancing after the convention? Ask about where to find a  discoteca. Other hotel amenities that can boost your vacation experience include free parking, called estacionamiento, a swimming pool, called a piscina, and a workout room, or gimnasio. English Guidance Due  to the widespread adoption of English, particularly at upper-end hotels, it may be more common to find signage for English words used to describe certain facilities or services. Do not be surprised if words like spa,concierge, and room service are used instead of the Spanish equivalent.

Ethics paper on pollution

Ethics paper on pollution Ethics paper on pollution Ethics Paper On Pollution Developed Countries Have a Higher Obligation to Combat Climate Change Prepared by Mohammad Ul Haque Id:0147217 MG660- Strategic Marketing Prepared for Professor Michael Altamiran Submission date: 10/15/2014 15 October 2015. Professor Michael Altamirano Kings Graduate School Monroe College Subject: Letter of transmittal (Ethics Paper) Dear Sir, It is an immense pleasure for me to submit you Ethics Paper titled Pollution. I have tried my best to make this report informative. However, despite of my best effort their may remain some flaws in the report. I hope and pray that the mistakes will be kindly excused. Lastly I would be thankful once again if you please give your judicious advice on effort. Sincerely yours, Mohammad Mahfuz Ul haque ID No.:0147217 MBA Program Executive Summary The main cause of the climatic change is due to pollution. Pollution is the main reason for this global climatic change and this adversity. Pollution is a big issue and it must be tackled by the joined effort of many nations. Pollution can be tackled by many means , the majority of the pollution comes from some of the Developed and Developing countries. Pollution is broadly classified into four types, Land pollution, Water pollution, Noise pollution and Air pollution. All these pollutions contribute to the global climatic change. These are the major pollutions that cause many adversities. Climatic conditions of the world depends on various factors such as rainfall, water currents, ocean tides, monsoons and humidity. Weather experts believe that all these factors that influence the weather conditions are affected by pollution. So the weather conditions of a country is affected by its pollution. Some experts suggest that pollutions also affects the crops and forests that are essentials for maintaining the weather conditions. Due to pollution weather patterns and rainfall patterns change tremendously and this brings about failure of crops and even drought in some cases. For a healthy agriculture in a country the climatic conditions and the rainfall of that country must be stable , it should not change tremendously. Thus climatic changes caused by pollution affects the agriculture of a country and thereby indirectly affecting the people of that country. It has been estimated by a survey that the food we eat , water that we drink and the air that we breathe are polluted. There are about 20% of people are dying of pollution. Pollution is caused by pollutants , they are the agents that cause pollution. Pollutants are released by many means, such as industries, houses, ship wreck , automobiles, burning of petroleum products and dumping of wastes in the open space. Pollutants are of different types, they can be dissolved in water, spread through air or get deposited in the soil and they all cause pollution in all of their forms. Pollutants that are released by industries are some times toxic and can affect the living things. Some of the toxic pollutants that are released by the industries are zinc, lead, nitrous, oxide of nitrous, oxides of sulphur, peroxides and radioactive wastes. Pollution and the global climatic conditions can be tackled by only by co-operation among various country. Most of the countries have a band on releasing certain hazardous chemicals into the atmosphere , these type of band must be made a law and they must be strictly implemented. All the industries must check their emissions for any poisonous pollutants and they must filter them before releasing their gases into the atmosphere. Every country must follow the policy of REUSE,REDUCE and RECYCLE. Table of contents 1. Introduction: 2. Types & Causes of Pollution Air Pollution Water Pollution Soil pollution Noise pollution Radioactive pollution Thermal/heat pollution Light pollution 3. Effects of Pollution: Environment Degradation: Human Health: Global Warming: Ozone Layer Depletion: Infertile Land:

Assessments in Instructional Design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Assessments in Instructional Design - Essay Example Generally, assessments are understood as tests that measure the levels of competence, knowledge or skills as results from instruction (Shank, 2009, p.1). Accordingly, good assessments of learning results measure whether students are capable of doing things they have to be able to do as instruction’s result. Dirks writes that assessments consist of two components. These are measurement and evaluation (Dirks, 1997, p.3). Measurement deals with describing students’ performance with the help of a quantitative and/or qualitative approach. Evaluation is about judging the adequacy of either students’ performance or sample work (Erickson & Wentling, 1978, p. 3). Importantly, there can be identified five principal types of assessments use. These are 1) Communication of the student’s achievement status 2) Providing self-evaluation data to a person who is learning 3) Learner placement for certain educational programs/paths 4) Motivation of a student 5) Evaluation of the instructional programs effectiveness (Guskey, 1996). Given this, the appropriate use of assessment can be explained as the one that successfully combines the aforementioned dimensions. In other words, appropriate use of assessment communicates achievement statuses of students, gives learners information for self-evaluation, helps place learners within selected educational programs, motivates students, helps find out whether an instructional program has been effective or not. The use or misuse of assessment can be evaluated through identifying whether the learning goals have been achieved. To illustrate, Shan thinks that â€Å"to determine if needed results have been achieved, results are often measured and assessed against a predefined set of standards† (Shank, 2009, p.1). In instructional design, these are known as learning objectives. For example, if a learning objective for a course of Business Etiquette is to teach students to identify the relevant actions for a numbe r of situations in business where these skills are to be used, the assessment designed as a learning game is inappropriate. This can be explained by the fact that just measuring whether the information presented by the professor has been remembered does not provide any measurement of students’ ability. To design appropriate assessments one should view them as an inseparable part of a complex instructional process. The latter combines 1) designing objectives that relate to needed results and are relevant to them; 2) designing assessments that are relevant to learning objectives; 3) designing instruction that is relevant to both objectives and assessments; 4) evaluation all three components to ensure they are relevant and needed results have been achieved (Shank, 2009, p.1). To judge about the assessment’s appropriateness one should identify whether the assessment can be characterized as 1) valid; 2) reliable; 3) feasible; 4) having stakes. Assessment’s validity i s understood as â€Å"the extent to which the assessment procedure measures what it is intended to measure† (Henning-Stout, 1994, p. 229).

Parents, Children and Family Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Parents, Children and Family - Essay Example In the story, Jin-mei interpreted her mother’s wishes as the following, â€Å"My mother believed you could be anything you wanted to be in America. America was where all my mother’s hopes lay. She had come to San Francisco in 1949 after losing everything in China: her mother and father, her family home, her first husband, and two daughters, twin baby girls.† (Tan 1208). Jing-mei only wanted to be herself. The mother and daughter’s conflict revolved around each of their perceptions of one another. Even though Suyuan Woo loves Jing-mei, sometimes that isn’t enough to make a happy family. Even though Suyuan Woo has high expectations for her child, there is no malice in her actions. â€Å"At the core of a happy family are parents and children, connected to one another in a way that is mutually satisfying, pleasing and enduring.† (Lezin, Rollen, Bean and Taylor). Though this family has endured, both parties, Suyuan Woo and Jing-mei, are not pleased or satisfied with each other. Sometimes being a family, does not always mean being a happy family. I Stand Here Ironing relates a tale of a daughter, Emily, and her mother. Emily’s mother is standing at an ironing board ironing, while speaking to the audience. As she irons, the mother muses about her failures as mother, even though she was a single parent. She felt Emily did not receive enough attention because of her work, trying to support Emily and her four siblings. The book relates that Emily’s father left before she was a year old with only explanation â€Å"he could no longer endure.† (Olsen). Emily’s mother had no choice but to raise her daughter to the best of her abilities, even though she felt that Emily needed more. The relationship between Emily and her mother is more common today than it was when this story was set. â€Å"More than half of all children will spend some of their lives in a single-parent family. Currently, 90% of these families are headed by women.† (Hare and

Anti-discriminatory practices Essay Example for Free

Anti-discriminatory practices Essay The purpose of this essay is to evaluate the impact of discriminatory practice on work with children and investigate the ways in which the needs of children can be met through a range of anti-discriminatory practices. What is discriminatory and Anti-discriminatory Practice? There are many different definitions of the above that can be used: Any prejudice view or diverse treatment because of race, colour, creed, or national origin (www. surestart. gov. uk) is seen as discriminatory practice along withAccording to Lindon (2004 p128) Discrimination means behaving in an unfair way towards a person because of the way we have judged them. There are two types of discrimination: Direct discrimination: This is treating someone unfairly compared to someone else in the same or similar circumstances; it could be as a result of their sex, race, marital status, disability, or age for example. Indirect discrimination: This when you are discriminated against in general because of a generalization that has been made without taking in each persons situation into account. In order to challenge discrimination several laws, code of conducts and policies are in place. Discriminating against someone can be in the forms of labelling, stereotyping and oppression and all must be challenged immediately. (Miche. V 2004:128) Anti-discriminatory practice will ensure that everyone has the same rights regardless of things such as family background, appearance, lifestyle, gender, race or medical history. (Tassoni et al. 2000:11) In order to promote equality and anti discrimination early educators must follow relevant legislation, curriculum frameworks and official guidance.

Cohabitation Essay -- Relationships Marriage Essays

Cohabitation Is cohabitation the right alternative to marriage? The increasing amounts or studies done in relation to cohabiting couples shows that this controversial topic is more common than most American’s think. Marriage used to be considered a defining event in a couple’s relationship, often marking the beginning of intimate relations, sharing a common household, and even childbearing. By definition, unmarried cohabitation is the status of couples who are sexual partners, not married to each other, and sharing a household (Popenoe). These two definitions seem to be similar in what each union reflects, but outwardly marriage includes a legal union that is meant to be a lifelong commitment. The meaning and permanence of marriage may be changing as cohabitation increases, (Casper 40) and this is in turn creating a society who is largely focused on self-fulfilling events, no commitment, and a lower understanding of what is best for our children. The research done regarding the effe cts cohabitation has on children, morality based on religious opinion, and the consequences of cohabitation explain why this growing change in society is wrong. Thirty years ago, living together for unmarried, heterosexual couples was against the law (Popenoe). It is facts like that which make the moral changes in society seem unpredictable. Who would have thought that something as sacred and universally understood as marriage would become so subtle. The proportion of unmarried women who were cohabiting tripled, from 3 to 9 percent, between 1978 and 1998, and unmarried men who were cohabiting increased from 5 to almost 12 percent (Casper 41). Statistics follow along with the changing society. Just as the age for marriage has increased, this has ... ...nstead of marriage. Especially when children are involved, there are many more aspects of living together outside of marriage that need to be taken into consideration. Not only obvious speculations like how the finances will be divided should be taken into consideration, but also morality and situational elements need to be discussed. Socially it may be acceptable, but that is wrong. That is society’s way of weakening marriage as a pure institution (Popenoe). Americans need to start reviewing what is right and what is wrong and reiterate the information into society. Sex should not be shown as glamorous and necessary, but rather as something significant that binds two people together. These themes would help turn around the quickly changing ideal of how family really should be, and turn it back to the right direction where unity is what the world is working towards.

Cost-benefit analysis, Essay

Identify stakeholders’ needs which are not currently being met and explain how you aim to meet these needs in the future by implementing an improvement plan. Produce a cost benefit analysis (CBA) in support of your plan to meet these needs. Include in your CBA the estimated costs (financial and non financial) and the benefits (financial and non financial) to the organisation of implementing this plan. Based upon the stakeholder needs identified in Task 1 produce a work plan or work scenario which illustrates how the primary needs of your stakeholders are being met. As a first line manager, demonstrate how you and your team have modified a workplan or situation to meet stakeholder needs more effectively. Explain an area within your responsibility that you wish to change and identify who you will need to justify and agree a case for change. Describe the method of communication and the key messages to convey in presenting your case for change. Using the stakeholder improvement plan described in Task 3, identify why changes need to be made and which stakeholders are affected. How will the successful implementation of the plan support your team’s objectives and after implementing the plan how will you monitor the changes to ensure they continue to meet the needs of your stakeholders. Task 4: Identify stakeholders’ needs which are not currently being met and explain how you aim to meet these needs in the future by implementing an improvement plan. Produce a cost benefit analysis (CBA) in support of your plan to meet these needs. Include in your CBA the estimated costs (financial and non financial) and the benefits (financial and non financial) to the organisation of implementing this plan. Based upon the stakeholder needs identified in Task 1 produce a work plan or work scenario which illustrates how the primary needs of your stakeholders are being met. As a first line manager, demonstrate how you and your team have modified a workplan or situation to meet stakeholder needs more effectively. Explain an area within your responsibility that you wish to change and identify who you will need to justify and agree a case for change. Describe the method of communication and the key messages to convey in presenting your case for change. Using the stakeholder improvement plan described in Task 3, identify why changes need to be made and which stakeholders are affected. How will the successful implementation of the plan support your team’s objectives and after implementing the plan how will you monitor the changes to ensure they continue to meet the needs of your stakeholders. Task 4: Identify stakeholders’ needs which are not currently being met and explain how you aim to meet these needs in the future by implementing an improvement plan. Produce a cost benefit analysis (CBA) in support of your plan to meet these needs. Include in your CBA the estimated costs (financial and non financial) and the benefits (financial and non financial) to the organisation of implementing this plan. Based upon the stakeholder needs identified in Task 1 produce a work plan or work scenario which illustrates how the primary needs of your stakeholders are being met. As a first line manager, demonstrate how you and your team have modified a workplan or situation to meet stakeholder needs more effectively. Explain an area within your responsibility that you wish to change and identify who you will need to justify and agree a case for change. Describe the method of communication and the key messages to convey in presenting your case for change. Using the stakeholder improvement plan described in Task 3, identify why changes need to be made and which stakeholders are affected. How will the successful implementation of the plan support your team’s objectives and after implementing the plan how will you monitor the changes to ensure they continue to meet the needs of your stakeholders. Task 4: Identify stakeholders’ needs which are not currently being met and explain how you aim to meet these needs in the future by implementing an improvement plan. Produce a cost benefit analysis (CBA) in support of your plan to meet these needs. Include in your CBA the estimated costs (financial and non financial) and the benefits (financial and non financial) to the organisation of implementing this plan. Based upon the stakeholder needs identified in Task 1 produce a work plan or work scenario which illustrates how the primary needs of your stakeholders are being met. As a first line manager, demonstrate how you and your team have modified a workplan or situation to meet stakeholder needs more effectively. Explain an area within your responsibility that you wish to change and identify who you will need to justify and agree a case for change. Describe the method of communication and the key messages to convey in presenting your case for change. Using the stakeholder improvement plan described in Task 3, identify why changes need to be made and which stakeholders are affected. How will the successful implementation of the plan support your team’s objectives and after implementing the plan how will you monitor the changes to ensure they continue to meet the needs of your stakeholders. Task 4: Identify stakeholders’ needs which are not currently being met and explain how you aim to meet these needs in the future by implementing an improvement plan. Produce a cost benefit analysis (CBA) in support of your plan to meet these needs. Include in your CBA the estimated costs (financial and non financial) and the benefits (financial and non financial) to the organisation of implementing this plan. Based upon the stakeholder needs identified in Task 1 produce a work plan or work scenario which illustrates how the primary needs of your stakeholders are being met. As a first line manager, demonstrate how you and your team have modified a workplan or situation to meet stakeholder needs more effectively. Explain an area within your responsibility that you wish to change and identify who you will need to justify and agree a case for change. Describe the method of communication and the key messages to convey in presenting your case for change. Using the stakeholder improvement plan described in Task 3, identify why changes need to be made and which stakeholders are affected. How will the successful implementation of the plan support your team’s objectives and after implementing the plan how will you monitor the changes to ensure they continue to meet the needs of your stakeholders. Task 4: Identify stakeholders’ needs which are not currently being met and explain how you aim to meet these needs in the future by implementing an improvement plan. Produce a cost benefit analysis (CBA) in support of your plan to meet these needs. Include in your CBA the estimated costs (financial and non financial) and the benefits (financial and non financial) to the organisation of implementing this plan. Based upon the stakeholder needs identified in Task 1 produce a work plan or work scenario which illustrates how the primary needs of your stakeholders are being met. As a first line manager, demonstrate how you and your team have modified a workplan or situation to meet stakeholder needs more effectively. Explain an area within your responsibility that you wish to change and identify who you will need to justify and agree a case for change. Describe the method of communication and the key messages to convey in presenting your case for change. Using the stakeholder improvement plan described in Task 3, identify why changes need to be made and which stakeholders are affected. How will the successful implementation of the plan support your team’s objectives and after implementing the plan how will you monitor the changes to ensure they continue to meet the needs of your stakeholders. Task 4: Identify stakeholders’ needs which are not currently being met and explain how you aim to meet these needs in the future by implementing an improvement plan. Produce a cost benefit analysis (CBA) in support of your plan to meet these needs. Include in your CBA the estimated costs (financial and non financial) and the benefits (financial and non financial) to the organisation of implementing this plan. Based upon the stakeholder needs identified in Task 1 produce a work plan or work scenario which illustrates how the primary needs of your stakeholders are being met. As a first line manager, demonstrate how you and your team have modified a workplan or situation to meet stakeholder needs more effectively. Explain an area within your responsibility that you wish to change and identify who you will need to justify and agree a case for change. Describe the method of communication and the key messages to convey in presenting your case for change. Using the stakeholder improvement plan described in Task 3, identify why changes need to be made and which stakeholders are affected. How will the successful implementation of the plan support your team’s objectives and after implementing the plan how will you monitor the changes to ensure they continue to meet the needs of your stakeholders. Task 4: Identify stakeholders’ needs which are not currently being met and explain how you aim to meet these needs in the future by implementing an improvement plan. Produce a cost benefit analysis (CBA) in support of your plan to meet these needs. Include in your CBA the estimated costs (financial and non financial) and the benefits (financial and non financial) to the organisation of implementing this plan. Based upon the stakeholder needs identified in Task 1 produce a work plan or work scenario which illustrates how the primary needs of your stakeholders are being met. As a first line manager, demonstrate how you and your team have modified a workplan or situation to meet stakeholder needs more effectively.

Nutrition on Academic Performance

April Creed April 12, 2012 GWRTC 103 Professor Critzer The Effect of Nutrition and Fitness on Academic Performance The health and overall fitness of adolescents and students has taken a radical turn in the most recent decades. Each year the overall body mass index of this particular group of individuals is steadily increasing. It seems to many that one’s health is a vital role in success, especially in the academic realm. Research was conducted to see whether this slight decrease of fitness and health has an impact on a student’s academic performance (Burkhalter 201).A broad range of sources was utilized to find other factors that played a role in academic performance such as family life and sleep habits. The search was then strictly narrowed down to the effect of nutrition and fitness on scholastic performance. By the end of the investigation, it was found that nutrition is vital to brain functioning and cognition. The main point that was targeted became: skipped meals are the largest cause of unhealthy habits in a student’s academic career, but this can be prevented by providing more food options for students and also by not having available classes during meal hours.This seems like a cliche issue and obvious topic, but this simple subject can have a huge impact on the lives of our adolescents, but more importantly the future of our country. Children, adolescents, and young adults are constantly bombarded with assessments, evaluations, and exams that test their knowledge. All of these, combined with everyday lectures and studying, form to make what society knows as â€Å"school. † In today’s culture, from roughly four years old until about twenty-three years old, schooling (pre-school, elementary school, middle school, high school, and college) is a young person’s career.It is a time consuming process that involves commitment and dedication. Many factors play a role in how well a student performs. The most thought of, and prominent factors may include family life, time dedicated to studying, sleep habits, and the teachers or professors ability to relay information. One study, conducted by A. H. Eliassion, investigated the relative importance of total sleep time compared to a college student’s academic performance (Eliasson 71). The results proved that those with the highest academic performance had significantly earlier bedtimes and wake times (73).It was found that students could improve their academic performance by targeting their sleep habits (73). Another study conducted by Wanda Williams in 1995 investigated parent-child relationships in correlation with academic achievement (Williams 3). The results from this survey showed that the main contribution to a student’s success is family life and parent involvement (14). A few other factors that people sometimes do not think of may include nutrition, diet, and physical activity. According to Webster’s dictionary, nutrition most clearly means, â€Å"The act of nourishing or being nourished. The term diet may include definitions that of, â€Å"Food and drink regularly provided or consumed,† or, â€Å"Habitual nourishment,† and the term physical fitness (or exercise) is known as, â€Å"Bodily exertion for the sake of developing and maintaining physical fitness. † Some may argue that poor academic performance could in turn lead to poor habits in health; that the stress and pressure placed on young people causes them to neglect their fitness and well-being. On the contrast, maybe this theory is completely opposite.In this paper I will attempt to answer the question: does nutrition and fitness have an effect on a student’s academic performance, and, if so, how? From breakfast consumption and sports involvement to the amount of television watched and family involvement, everything plays a vital role in a student’s success. Even things that seem so minor can have a profound impact on the long-term accomplishments in young people’s lives. Healthy habits in nutrition, diet, and fitness have a positive impact on a student’s academic performance.Skipped meals are the largest cause of unhealthy habits in a student’s academic career, but this can be prevented by providing more food options for students and also by not having available classes during meal hours. Conducted at the infancy of this subject was an experiment by Toni Burkhalter and Charles Hillman. This research began because these two were interested and shocked by the consistently increasing BMI (body mass index) in children and adolescents across every demographic in the United States (Burkhalter 201). Their goal was to target energy intake in comparison with scholastic performance.Burkhalter and Hillman defined energy intake as nutrient intake, body mass, and physical activity. Through research they discovered and confirmed that nutrition substantially influences both the development and health of brain structure and function (204). Providing the proper building blocks for the brain to create and maintain connections is critical for improved cognition (mental processes) and academic performance. Their investigation verified that an increase of physical activity participation leads to an increase in cognitive health and function (206).Many people hear the cliche lectures about eating healthy, maintaining a stable diet, and practicing regular exercise. But most do not realize that these habits play a crucial role in brain functioning. The brain intakes and retains the most information in a person’s adolescent years, so it is vital to create a prime environment in your body for learning. There are some who relate academic performance to breakfast habits. Throughout our lives we hear doctors, teachers, and parents stress that breakfast is the most important meal of the day.People will argue that it starts one’s day, gets one’s metabo lism going, and provides the nutrition necessary for a healthy day and lifestyle. It has been proven that children require optimal nutrient intake to meet the basic demands of growth and development. Gail Rampersaud, M. S. , and Mark Pereira, Ph. D. , attempted to find supporting evidence of this claim, and conducted a study in 2005. They found that over 59% of students skip breakfast more than three times a week, and that as a student’s age increased, so did their habit of skipping breakfast (Rampersaud 745).After surveying various age groups, they compared breakfast eating habits to their overall academic performance. Next, the students were given a variety of standardized and customized tests (745). The results showed that breakfast eaters not only had a higher average on the assessments, but also had better school attendance and less tardies (751). This study was difficult because people have a very hazy and different standard and definition of â€Å"breakfast. † S ome view it as a glass of milk, some view it as an apple, others see it as a bowl of cereal, and some have a feast consisting of bacon, eggs, hash browns, ham, and toast in their mind.Either way, it was determined to be anything you intake as nutrition at the beginning of your day. There is substantial evidence that breakfast consumption is associated with health and wellbeing of children and adolescents, and these benefits apply to a wider age range, as well as other demographic and socioeconomic groups. There is also a great deal of evidence that breakfast eaters have overall healthier lifestyles and better health (diet and exercise) habits. Some claim that students should be able to schedule and maintain their own nutritional habits.But others, like Cathy Estes, agree that this lifestyle needs to be a co-effort between students, parents, and teachers. She says that, â€Å"Student responsibility doesn't just happen. Teachers and parents must expect it, model it and nurture it. An optimal educational outcome depends on collaboration between teachers, parents and students (Estes 1). † It needs to be something that both parties view as a necessary goal. Student’s can have good intentions, but faculty and staff at the school’s need to support these intentions.Arranging more suitable class times and a better variety of nutritional foods can easily do this. Another study conducted by Florence, MD sought to target not just the nutrition aspect, but the overall diet quality and academic performance correlation (Florence 209). The study concluded the following results: Students with decreased overall diet quality were significantly more likely to perform poorly on the assessment. Girls performed better than boys as did children from socioeconomically advantaged families. Children attending better schools and living in wealthy neighborhoods also performed better.Conclusions: These findings demonstrate an association between diet quality and academ ic performance and identify specific dietary factors that contribute to this association. Additionally, this research supports the broader implementation and investment in effective school nutrition programs that have the potential to improve student access to healthy food choices, diet quality, academic performance, and, over the long term, health (Florence 209). According to the previous study performed by Rampersaud, breakfast plays a vital role in diet quality.This is another important aspect for dedicated times for eating. Breakfast is not going to be a high priority for a student if his/her class falls in that time frame. Not only do both of the studies support each other, but they also tie in other aspects that could affect academic performance, like family life. This study tries to emphasize that the term â€Å"academic achievement† isn’t measured by tests alone, but also by attendance, attentiveness, and involvement (212). They also stated that fruit and veget able intake had a significant impact on memory and overall learning (213).Finally, the study’s results showed that â€Å"undernourished males were twice as likely to fail an assessment as undernourished females. † A sub question that may be necessary to add the research question is this: do gender differences have an affect an effect on academic performance? Sayid Ghazvini answers this question with his research. He stated that his primary goal was to â€Å"Find gender differences in factors affecting academic performance of high school students (Ghazvini 1041). † He had many different aspects involving â€Å"academic performance. While his results showed no significant difference in the overall achievement of the students, there were differences in the many features connected with his concept of academic performance (1043): Results show the existence of gender difference in variables under consideration, with girls showing internal locus of control, using atti tude, motivation, time management, anxiety, and self-testing strategies more extensively, and getting better marks in Literature. With boys using concentration, information processing and selecting main ideas strategies more, and getting better marks in mathematics (1043).As we see, male and females seem to have the same overall results. This gender factor probably does not have a significant impact on the nutrition and fitness study, but can be noted when taking a closer look at the details that combine to form out term â€Å"academic achievement/performance. † Some critics say that student’s should be held solely responsible for their extracurricular activities, including eating, watching television, exercising, and studying. But studies show that when a person is considered an adult, their brain is still developing.They still need instruction and guidance in different aspects of their life. Researcher, Craig Bennett, stated that, â€Å"Humans don’t really de velop the ability to handle multiple pieces of information at once until about the ages of 16 or 17. The brain of an 18-year-old college freshman is still far from resembling the brain of someone in their mid-twenties (Than 2). † Healthy habits don’t just come naturally, they take time and dedication to develop and maintain. Another study done by Jane Edwards attempted to target physical activity in relation to academic performance (Edwards 65).This experiment was conducted on sixth graders in a Midwest City school district. It was her goal to compare physical activity, overall fitness, and body mass index of 800 students. Next she matched these results with standardized test scores. To measure physical activity and fitness, Edwards set up a variety of physical tasks (curl ups, pushups, mile run) and included the student’s weight and height. In the end, she found that the healthier, more physically fit students performed better on their standardized tests.Edwards , like Rampersaud and Florence, also included other variables in her study. She pointed out the significance of breakfast consumption as well. Also, she brought in other lifestyle habits like the amount of television watched and extracurricular activity involvement. This amount of exercise is vital to a student’s healthy lifestyle. Exercise should become a requirement at schools and colleges. It is proven to affect their academic performance, so why shouldn’t academic grading also require some sort of workout in a student’s daily routine?A journal published by Taras H, a professor at the University of California, noted the association between nutrition and a student’s performance at school (Taras 200). Taras broke down the term nutrition into four sub-categories: food insufficiency, iron deficiency and supplementation, deficiency and supplementation of micronutrients, and the importance of breakfast (201). Research shows that children with iron deficienci es are at a disadvantage academically. Their cognitive performance improved with iron therapy. Cognitive performance is a student’s ability to obtain and store knowledge.Again, breakfast consumption demonstrates to be a vital aspect of a young person’s health. A healthy lifestyle not only consists of a certain number of meals a day, but also various types of nourishment and physical activity. It was also found that food insufficiency is a serious issue that affects a child’s ability to learn. Finally, after surveying and undernourished population, a breakfast program was initiated, and analysis showed that academic performance and cognitive functioning significantly increased. As it has been proven through countless studies, many things contribute to academic achievement.But the main issue that related to student’s health is skipped meals and lack of exercise. To many, these seem like easy to target problems. But why is the problem consistently worsening? Because no one is taking initiative to find solutions. The most doable and reasonable solution is to incorporate a greater variety of food options (in the healthier realm) for students/adolescents, not schedule classes or other activities during meal hours, and have a mandatory tentative exercise schedule as part of a student’s academic career. Words Cited Burkhalter, Toni M. , and Charles H.Hillman. â€Å"A Narrative Review of Physical Activity, Nutrition, and Obesity to Cognition and Scholastic Performance across the Human Lifespan. † Advances in Nutrition 2. 2 (2011): 201-06. Web. 19 Mar. 2012. Edwards, Jane U. â€Å"Relationship of Nutrition and Physical Activity Behaviors and Fitness Measures to Academic Performance for Sixth Graders in a Midwest City School District. † Journal of School Health 81. 2 (2011): 65-69. SPORTDiscus. Web. 19 Mar. 2012. Eliasson, Arne H. â€Å"Early to Bed, Early to Rise! Sleep Habits and Academic Performance in College Students . † Sleep and Breathing 14. (2009): 71-75. ScienceDirect. Web. 19 Mar. 2012. Estes, Cathy. â€Å"Student Responsibility Needs to Be  nurtured. † LasVegasSun. com. 8 Apr. 2009. Web. 13 Apr. 2012. ;http://www. lasvegassun. com/news/2009/apr/08/student-responsibility-needs-be-nurtured/;. Florence, M. D. â€Å"Diet Quality and Academic Performance. † Journal of School Health 78. 4 (2008): 209-215. CINAHL. Web. 19 Mar. 2012. Ghazyini, Sayid D. â€Å"Gender Differences in Factors Affecting Academic Performance of High School Students. † 3rd World Conference on Educational Sciences 15. 3 (2011): 1040-045. ScienceDirect.

Strategic Management and Leadership Skills

Strategic Management and Leadership Skills Introduction This report presents the relationship between strategic management and leadership skills. The report shows strategic management and leadership skills of Robert Eckert, the CEO of Mattel. Eckert demonstrated effective strategic management strategies and leadership skills when Mattel was a troubled company that had lost its focus. This was also the period of the biggest recall of toys in the history of the company.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Strategic Management and Leadership Skills specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Understand the relationship between strategic management and leadership In order to comprehend the link between strategic management and strategic leadership, one must appreciate that these two concepts are requisite for the success of an organisation. Strategic management entails evaluation of the current external situations of the sector in which an entity operates and the firms itself. Analysis of the organisation is an internal process, but both internal and external analyses should provide the foundation for keeping the most favourable management practices (Kakabadse, Jackson and Fandale, 2002). In this case, strategic management aims to achieve the best positioning of organisational policies and strategic objectives. Strategic management aims to assert organisational objectives, develop policies and plans for realising these objectives. This process requires adequate allocation of resources in order to realise the desired goals. As the case of Mattel shows, strategic management is the highest level of managerial role. In this case, the CEO (Robert Eckert) and other senior executives took control of the situation. Strategic management and leadership of the CEO provided the overall direction for Mattel. Strategic management involves aligning organisational situation or strategic advantages with the business objectives and the prevailing operational conditions. T he fundamental aim of organisational strategy is to put an organisation in a situation that can allow it to execute its mission well and effectively. An effective organisational strategy should account for a firm’s policies, mission, vision, objectives, and the overall tactics for realising core values of a firm. Chaffee identified key elements that he concluded were fundamental for the concept of strategic management (Chaffee, 1985). First, executives must adapt an entity to the prevailing condition in the industry. Second, strategic management requires change and restructuring. This is a complex process, which must eliminate unstructured functions in the organisation. Third, strategic management influences the whole organisation by providing a new sense of direction.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This is imperative when an entity has lost its focus. Fou rth, the process of strategic management also involves formulation and implementation of new strategic directions for an organisation. Fifth, strategic management involves analysis and restructuring of both corporate and specific business strategies. These are analytical and conceptual processes, which require adequate understanding by the top executives of an organisation. On the other hand, strategic leadership is a carefully orchestrated use of favourable tactics to communicate corporate goals of a firm to employees. Hence, strategic leadership must manage, motivate, and influence employees to focus on organisational vision. In this case, the whole team becomes an imperative tool for implementing the required changes in order to achieve the new strategic aims. Strategic leadership should respond to challenges that an organisation faces by providing a vision and strategic direction for recovery, growth, and success. Clearly, this is what Robert Eckert did as a new CEO of Mattel. C hanges at Mattel required leadership skills and necessary resources for formulation and execution. Managing changes in troubled organisations need strategic leadership, which can provide a sense of â€Å"direction, create ownership, and motivate employees to support the necessary strategic changes† (Chaffee, 1985). Strategic leadership requires effective strategies when handling employees. Usually, most leaders use the strategy of motivating workers in order to raise their morale. This would allow employees to take the initiative of improving the current condition of an organisation. Strategic management must encourage employees to perform best for the future success of an organisation. Just like Robert Eckert, strategic leaders have visions for the future by focusing and understanding current situations of their organisations. This allows such leaders to prepare for both current and future challenges they may face. Understanding the current situations and creating awareness for the future is a critical part of strategic leadership. These strategies require well-formulated action plans. Strategic leaders always show the ability to adapt and initiate growth strategies for an organisation. They facilitate communications and take initiatives and responsibilities to ensure that the organisation achieves the best performance possible. Strategic leadership focuses on productivity of an organisation with the aim of encouraging quality and amount of work from employees. Strategic leaders focus on the best interest of their organisations rather than their interests. They also recognise contributions from other employees.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Strategic Management and Leadership Skills specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Such leaders motivate employees to perform best in order to realise organisational goals (Pedler, Burgoyne and Boydell, 2004). In this sense, employees can anticipate and understand their overall contributions to strategic objectives of the company. At the same time, strategic leaders motivate employees through incentives and promotions to allow them to perform well for the sake of the organisation. Strategic leaders review their situations before undertaking any critical decisions in the organisation. This shows that careful planning before initiating any changes in the organisation are fundamental components of strategic leadership. Strategic leadership requires that leaders use effective strategies in any critical decision-making processes. This ensures strategic management practices, which result in success of an organisation. Strategic leaders must work in unique situations, which require management of performance in order to improve the situation of their organisations. One can easily notice the effectiveness of strategic leadership in situations, which are volatile, uncertain, complex, and ambiguous. Overall, strategic management focuses on p romoting organisational strategic objectives, formulating, implementing policies, and allocating resources to realise these objectives. In this regard, strategic leadership plays a strategic role of motivating, managing, and encouraging employees to facilitate the realisation of organisational strategic objectives. The Mattel case study: the link between strategic management and leadership Leadership provides a link between strategic management and the realisation of strategic objectives of an organisation. Organisations can only realise their strategic objectives through effective leadership. On the other hand, strategic management must make use of the available resources in order to achieve desired goals. In this regard, leadership must provide direction for the organisation. The case of Mattel under Robert Eckert demonstrates how effective leadership and strategic management can transform an organisation successfully. Robert Eckert shows that strategic management and effective le adership are fundamental concepts, which work together for transformational purposes. Leadership must establish â€Å"strategic goals and the vision of an organisation and provide a future direction for growth† (Kouzes and Posner, 2008).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For instance, Eckert was able to improve Mattel’s turnaround. The CEO strategic decisions resulted in selling of the Learning Company. Eckert managed to reduce costs and improve revenues. He managed to improve Mattel’s market share in the US and overseas. As a result, investors, the board, customers, and other stockholders were happy with the company’s progress. In addition, the Wall Street also took note of the company. Eckert noted that all 30,000 employees of Mattel had an improved sense of dedication to the company’s mission. Overall, strategic management at Mattel involved identification of the company’s objectives, formulating policies, action plans, allocating resources, and executing these plans in order to realise the company’s strategic objectives. Strategic leadership normally manages, motivates, and encourages employees to spearhead the company’s mission in order to realise the desired changes. Strategic leadership brings about changes in an organisation. The turnaround of Mattel: the impact of management and leadership styles on strategic decisions Robert Eckert was able to transform the fortune of Mattel from a company that had lost its focus to a successful one because of effective leadership styles and strategic management approaches. Decisions, which Eckert made to transform the company, were unique and aimed at improving employees’ morale and productivity. These decisions had fundamental impacts in the entire organisation because of effective communications with all employees. The CEO had to make strategic decisions by reviewing the current situation internal, external environments, and employees’ morale. When the leadership of an organisation fails to initiate strategic plans and execute them, then the organisation will fail to realise its strategic objectives. This suggests that leadership is a critical aspect in formulating strategies and action plans for changes in an organisa tion. Eckert was able to make strategic management decisions that affected the whole organisation. As a result, there was almost no resistance, and employees were able to improve on morale and productivity. How Robert Eckert’s leadership style had to be adapted between his original re-structure of Mattel and the 2007 Product recall scandal The concept of strategic management and leadership relies on some theoretical approaches for credibility. For instance, leaders normally base their decisions on resource-based views in which they strive to utilise resources and capabilities available within the company to create competitive advantage. There is also a stakeholder approach when executives relate with their organisations. Robert Eckert declared that he did not put his interest first, but that of Mattel. Restructuring requires leaders to make strategic decisions by establishing priorities on what an organisation should achieve in the future (Adair, 2009a). The leadership must f ormulate these strategies and implement them. Strategic management involves creating priorities for the organisation. Eckert had to focus on what Mattel had to do in order to turnaround itself. Effective leadership is important in making such decisions. Leadership has to unite the organisation in order to realise organisational goals. Eckert was able to handle the recall scandal of 2007 effectively because of his leadership abilities. The CEO managed to communicate effectively with all stakeholders across the global. The process of recall communication was transparent. The CEO and other executives held regular meetings in order to communicate and coordinate the recall strategy. Hence, every senior executive knew about the unfolding scenario at the company about the recall. Executives also held employees’ meetings for updates. Employees at Mattel observed that the recall was successful, and the company was able to recover quickly because the CEO was a part of the process. In o ther words, changes started from the top, which allowed other employees to embrace them. This ensured that the company managed change processes effectively. Robert Eckert displays some leadership styles in the case of Mattel’s product recall. First, the CEO uses a visionary leadership style. Eckert used this strategy because he knew that the company needed a new direction because of poor performance and product recall. As a result, the CEO focused on employees so that he could motivate them to focus on the new set of objectives for the company. According to Daniel Goleman and his colleagues, â€Å"Visionary leaders articulate where a group is going, but not how it will get there – setting people free to innovate, experiment, and take calculated risks† (Goleman, Boyatzis McKee, 2004). Mattel CEO also displayed affiliative leadership style. This type of leaderhsip style emphasises the importance of â€Å"teamwork and it creates harmony in a group by connecting p eople to each other† (Goleman, Boyatzis McKee, 2004). These authors argue that affiliative leadership style is critical â€Å"when trying to heighten team harmony, increase morale, improve communication or repair broken trust in an organisation† (Goleman, Boyatzis McKee, 2004). However, the CEO was careful not to rely on this strategy alone because it could make poor performance within the organisation to go unnoticed. Finally, Eckert also used democratic leadership style. He relied on knowledge and skills of his employees in order to develop a group commitment and improve morale in order to focus on a new direction. The method was appropriate for the company because employees did not know the next course of action after poor performances and product recall. Hence, the CEO relied on the collective wisdom of Mattel employees by consulting widely. Leadership experts warn that democratic leadership may not be appropriate during a crisis, particularly when a management te am needs to make urgent and quick decisions (Goleman, Boyatzis McKee, 2004). Nevertheless, Eckert used it successfully during the product recall. Application of management and leadership theory to support organisational direction Leadership theories and strategic management concepts have enabled CEOs and other senior executives to facilitate change and improve organisational processes. As a result, managers have learned to lead and make strategic decisions by following established standards based on theoretical concepts of organisational behaviours (Mullins, 2010). Such senior executives renew the ownership of the company’s mission, set strategic management objectives, and motivate their employees to work for the future of the organisation. Usually, successful managers know how to plan and review organisational change processes carefully. Unplanned changes disrupt operational processes of an organisation. This can lead to resistance from employees (Kouzes and Posner, 2008). Effective change management requires leadership and constant communication. For instance, Eckert had to adopt a radical transformational approach in order to save the company from the recall scandal, motivate employees, improve revenue growth, and restore stakeholders’ confidence in the company. Effective leaders rely on different leadership strategies in order to achieve the desired change in an organisation. In the case of Mattel, one can observe different leadership strategies that Eckert used. These included transformational, learning, and rational approaches. A review of the impact of the selected theories of management and leadership on Mattel’s organisational strategy Robert Eckert recognised the situation of Mattel by conducting thorough studies and analyses. Hence, Eckert knew that he had to transform the company. This led to the application of transformational leadership strategy. The transformational leadership strategy requires leaders to create and inspire organisational vision and develop a clear set of objectives for the organisation, which create importance to employees within the entire organisation. Chaffee noted that most efforts of transformational leaders concentrate on transcending self-interests among employees in order to change their morale and pursue the realisation of organisational objectives (Chaffee, 1985). Scholars note that the role of management in the transformational process is to â€Å"motivate and inspire organisational members toward organisational goal attainment† (Barbuto, Jr, 2002). The transformational leadership style focuses on bringing employees together in order to achieve a common goal, develop, and maintain strategies for implementing the shared values and organisational vision. The transformational leadership style works because the strategy making process includes self-devotion of the leader, who encourages employees to adopt common organisational values and work toward common goals. Eckert was able to transform Mattel by adopting the transformational leadership style. As a result, the company started to generate revenues, staff morale increased, stakeholders renewed their commitment and confidence in the company, and decrease costs. Eckert also relied on a learning approach as a leadership strategy to manage Mattel during its troubled periods. Barbuto noted that the learning approach to strategy making involves â€Å"continual learning and with heavy reliance on flexibility and adaptation rather than on a predetermined and specifically outlined plan of action† (Barbuto Jr, 2002). Decision-making processes and strategy implementation rely on rationality and uncertainties that exist now. Formulation of organisational strategies needs constant dialogue and communication within the entire organisation. This process must also include other external stakeholders like customers, regulators, analysts, and investors. In this process, the CEO and other senior executives must engage in on-going communication as they strive to comprehend and improve the needs of the organisation and stakeholders. The learning strategy in decision-making was evident when Robert Eckert joined Mattel. Eckert recognised that he had no background in the toy industry because he was just a ‘food guy’. As a result, Eckert embarked on constant learning. He identified three areas that need immediate attention, which included building brands, cutting costs, and developing people. Generally, Eckert found it necessary to focus on employees first by relying on emotional intelligence strategies to boost employees’ morale. The new CEO also built a relationship based on trust. He started by ‘setting the table’ i.e., developing an atmosphere of honesty by engaging in healthy dialogues and constant consultations with others in order to establish common goals for the company. Senior executives must recognise that the learning approach in making strategi c management decisions targets employees’ commitment, focuses on customers, company processes, and constant learning and improvement within the organisation. The learning approach in strategic management focuses on improving strategies in order to achieve the desired changes in an organisation. Eckert dedicated great energy to learn the company’s processes and drive the organisational strategic goals. On-going communication with all stakeholders has been effective in facilitating learning within firms. Eckert was able to learn and discover new strategies for Mattel while on the job. There is also the rational model of strategic management, which concentrates on a systematic analysis and evaluation of all potential strategies that an organisation can pursue in order to improve its processes. The rational approach in strategic management and leadership focuses on evaluation of factors outside the firm, a company’s portfolio, and circumstances within the industry. These analyses help senior executives to understand and define strategies for future development (Barbuto, Jr, 2002). This strategy results in a detailed action plan, several alternatives, and a plan for effective use of available resources. The rational approach works in a similar manner like a resource-based approach that is critical for creating competitive advantage in an organisation. Eckert assessed Mattel’s situation and the industry environment. As a CEO, Eckert had the chief role of understanding Mattel through rational strategies by including employees’ inputs in the process of changing the company. A leadership strategy that supports Mattel’s organisational direction An appropriate leadership strategy for Mattel must recognise its vision of Creating the Future of Play and reinforce the four values of Mattel. In addition, it must complement recognised efforts of Alan Kaye in reducing risks, eliminating challenges from silos, fiefdoms, enhancing coordin ation of policies, communication, and aligning organisational policies and practices with the strategic goals of the CEO. This would result in increased employee engagement, loyalty, and productivity. The overall outcome for the company would be productivity. Still, the future leadership strategy must focus on the company’s global issues, develop, and implement an action plan for improvement. The future leadership strategy for the company must emphasise the role of the management in making strategic management decisions and providing effective leadership, emphasising the company’s mission, and the new direction. Mattel’s new leadership strategies will emphasise the following key drivers of leadership strategies (Pasmore, 2013). Leadership for global growth The future leadership will recognise cultural sensitivity, particularly when dealing with any challenges with the Chinese suppliers. This applies to its global clients too. The strategy will enhance increase d representations of different leadership skills from diverse geographies and build strong cross-cultural relationships. The CEO noted that leaders in other parts of the globe cooperated during the recall scandal. He should strengthen foreign assignments with the Chinese manufacturers and formulate effective strategies in their business arrangements. Leadership for innovation Innovation should drive future leadership strategies of Mattel. The company requires improved interdependence among its executives in order to develop effective collaboration so that it can introduce new, safe toys to the market. At the same time, the company requires increased leadership involvement in various operations and market activities. Mattel must also focus on developing new products and talent implications in order to cater for its growing product portfolio. The company must focus on risk aversion and communication strategies among its senior executives. Leadership focused on customers Mattelâ₠¬â„¢s customers are children across the globe. The company must develop and enact new strategies for understanding children’s experiences with their toys and translate such experiences into best business practices. The company leadership should focus on enhancing positive customer experiences. There is also a need for the company to understand various views from diverse customer bases. The company must emphasise the importance of customer primacy and care globally. Focus on high growth opportunities Mattel will continue to grow. Therefore, the company should focus on talent development in order to avoid potential leadership strains in the future. It is necessary for leadership strategies to focus on leadership growth at various departments of the company. Leadership for enhancing operating efficiency The company leadership should focus on â€Å"lean manufacturing, use Six-Sigma and other methods to bring costs down in to remain profitable and efficient† (Pasmore, 2 013). Senior executives must lead such efforts and allow managers to support such strategies at all levels of the business. This should be a continuous process by all leaders. Assessment of leadership requirements in Mattel Assessment of leadership requirements is a process that can assist Mattel to identify and illustrate employees’ unique characteristics when placed in a given leadership position. Employees have different characteristics and abilities in various roles. The process must account for the candidates’ characteristics with reference to a certain management position now or in the future (Adair, 2009b). It would help the company in making effective selection and placement of employees at the right leadership positions. The aim of leadership assessment is to ensure that Mattel’s employees utilise their potential effectively and improve effectiveness of the company in strategic management and decision-making abilities. In addition, the assessment shall provide a way of measuring several leadership competencies within the company. Mattel could adopt a hybrid system that would provide relative ease and flexibility in order to meet its specific leadership requirements. Use appropriate methods to review current leadership requirements of Mattel The strategic analysis approach will assess strategic thinking abilities of potential leaders (Grint, 2004). They must demonstrate vision and other supporting competencies. In this assessment, the company would ensure that its future leaders evaluate and analyse the presented data and develop the best course of action in order to tackle strategic planning challenges that would affect the company. Another assessment method would be management problems. In this approach, the assessment must evaluate rapid response abilities and high visibility required in a modern organisation. The process must account for decisiveness, flexibility, analytical skills, and other related skills of potential leaders when facing management crisis. Individual exercise method shall evaluate problem-solving techniques of employees. The process must also identify interpersonal skills, flexibility, decision-making abilities, effectiveness in communications, and other competencies that a person should display while in a leadership position. The candidate should display analytical abilities, review materials, and decided on the best course of action for a given situation. Finally, the group exercise method will evaluate interpersonal skills, team building abilities, conflict management, and communication abilities. Employees can work as a team when solving a problem within a specified period (Charan, Drotter and Noel, 2001). A Plan for the development of future situations requiring leadership In the future, the company would likely to become more customer focused than today. Mattel would need leadership skills that can allow it to focus on developing and implementing new strategies for comprehending c ustomer experiences and transforming them into enhanced business strategies and practices. The company will need to establish effective and solid relations within all areas of customer touch points with the aim of creating seamless experiences for customers. Mattel will establish the need to understand specific needs of various customers. Thus, it must move beyond a general solution for all customers. The company must facilitate a culture of customer care and customer primacy. Mattel will expand to other markets globally. This would demand for a greater cultural awareness and sensitivity among its leaders (Kristensen, 2001). At the same time, the company will need to improve on representation of diverse cultures and geographies at the management levels. Managers will also require different skills in languages and communication abilities. These leadership skills would facilitate the development of cross-cultural relations. At the same time, there would be increased international acti vities for senior executives. Mattel senior leaders would require practical knowledge in different local laws and business practices in different countries across the world (Guthridge and Komm, 2008; Lipman-Blumen, 2000). The company will also require leadership skills to facilitate innovation. Leaders shall need a great interdependence to enhance functional collaboration and teamwork with the aim of creating new products for the market. This would require increased leadership participation in different roles such as collecting user insights and applying them in developing new products for profitability. Future leaders will have to anticipate talent, capital, and innovative requirements for the fast growing consumer markets. In addition, leaders will have to overcome cultural barriers and embrace changes to enhance innovation (Sinclair, 2004). Mattel shall also enhance operational efficiency in the future. The company must adopt cost reduction strategies, lean manufacturing approach es, and Six Sigma for control critical aspects of production. Leaders must support these initiatives and lead by performance. Moreover, they must establish a culture of continued improvement, which senior executives must spearhead in all departments (Senge, 1990). Ability to plan the development of leadership skills The most important aspect of being able to plan strategies for developing new leadership skills for the future involves reviewing and understanding organisational business objectives. People who undertake this process must have deep knowledge about the organisation. In addition, there should be experts in leadership who understand processes of acquisition, development, and retention of leadership talents. It is critical to identify factors that drive business strategies. This would help leaders in understanding SWOT of the company and position it appropriately among competitors. These factors can allow leaders to create unique positions within the market, but leaders mus t understand essential elements of business drivers. The plan for the development of the main leadership skills identified as lacking within the Mattel structure Mattel will require constant assessments of individual employees and the organisation itself. Employees can create self-awareness and provide data for identification of management talent. Organisational assessment can reveal the performance of current leadership and changes required for business improvement. Mattel will rely on work assessment in order to understand how leaders can develop certain skills required for the task. Work assessment should have certain goals for evaluation purposes. This enhances feedback on skills attained by trainees and mentors with reference to specific business strategies required (Fowler and Gorman, 2005). Feedback from mentoring and coaching processes is an effective means of assessing and developing an appropriate leadership plan for the future. However, in most cases, people involved in c oaching and mentoring may fail assessment on feedback for potential leadership abilities. However, it is important to understand challenges that relate to coaching and mentoring because these concepts of leadership develop can also destroy potential individuals (Lambert, 2004). It is important for senior executives to participate in talent management within the organisation (Gold, Thorpe and Mumford, 2010). Mattel will not realise advantages from senior executives’ involvement in the leadership development plan, unless such leaders support, adopt, and evaluate the desired skills for future leaders for the company. Executives must demonstrate personal support and engagement for the processes of changes within the organisation (Drath, 2004). Another plan is to provide leadership seminars, events, and meetings. These provide opportunities for employees to interact, learn, and get information on the required leadership skills for the future. However, organisations must understand costs that result for such events. Thus, it is necessary to leverage such events. Evaluate and report on the usefulness of methods used to plan the development of leadership skills Leadership development strategies applied in this process are effective because they identify and specify specific actions that Mattel must undertake in order to develop, retain, or source employees with leadership abilities that it may require in order to meet business objectives. This suggests that the company’s leadership strategy plans relies on organisational strategic objectives and quantifiable business results. These approaches also recognise practical aspects inherent in developing effective leadership skills. Evaluating the best leadership style for Mattel According to situational leadership theory, the best leadership for an organisation depends on â€Å"situational variables because no single leadership style fits all workplace environments† (Oracle, 2012). Mattel should use à ¢â‚¬Å"the type of work, the complexity of its projects, and qualifications of employees in order to develop future leadership plans† (Oracle, 2012). Evaluating current and potential leaders The company focuses on expected leadership skills and competencies when evaluating current and future leaders. It must also evaluate internal politics and structures when developing future leadership skills. Identify leadership gaps The leadership plan accounts for leadership gaps in the company. The company assesses all employees on their readiness to lead others by evaluating current and future leadership requirements. Succession plan for organisational critical roles Mattel did not have the CEO for many months. Moreover, many employees in critical leadership positions resigned. Hence, an effective leadership plan accounts for succession and avoidance of disruption when key leaders leave the company. A succession plan should be a part of Mattel’s company policies. A successio n plan should account for all critical departments of the company. Career plans for potential leaders The plan accounts for responsibilities, which an employee can handle comfortably. Career planning aids â€Å"in retention, engagement, and protection of the leadership pipeline of a company† (Oracle, 2012). Career advancement programmes are effective ways of retaining potential leaders in a company. In fact, most employees leave their jobs due to lack career planning in an organisation. Required skills for future leaders It is important for a career plan to recognise changes that take place in the workplace environment. Thus, an organisation should identify potential leaders and develop a skills roadmap for the future (Oracle, 2012). Such leader plans should account for both formal and informal learning in the organisation. The plan should focus on â€Å"coaching, rotational assignments, job shadowing, mentor relationships, and project leadership† (Oracle, 2012). T his should account for technologies and include elements of social networking. Retention approaches for current and potential future leaders A leadership development plan must have retention strategies. Organisations have used both monetary and non-monetary reward approaches in order to retain their employees. A good approach should link such strategies with performance and motivate employees to stay focused on realising organisational goals. Reference List Adair, J 2009a, Effective Leadership: How to be a Successful Leader, Pan, London. 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