Back Pain Causes Effects Health And Social Care Essay

If you have back hurting, you are non entirely. Millions of people every twenty-four hours are enduring with different types and grades of back hurting that interferes with work, everyday day-to-day activities, or diversion. Back hurting is rather common today as it has become ordinary like if you are enduring from common cold, but we need to cognize about the causes of back hurting to pass over out the job from its roots. Back hurting makes the individual really compromising as the victim has to curtail his actions. It hampers the normal life and it is besides really frustrating. There are several causes of back hurting which are similar in symptoms to each other but a infinitesimal analysis can assist you to understand the type of back hurting you are enduring from. The cause of back hurting can be for many grounds ; overexertion of motion and activities that leads to twist or strive, trauma to the dorsum, fleshiness, weight addition during gestation, some businesss and degenerativ e diseases such as arthritis or osteoporosis. Symptoms may run from musculus aching to hiting or knifing hurting, limited flexibleness or scope of gesture, or an inability to stand directly. Trouble can be fixed at the right clip if we understand the existent cause of the job. Ignorance makes the job all the really terrible as back hurting should ne'er be ignored. Back Pain Causes and Effectss Our spinal cord at the dorsum is a complex construction. It is composed of 33 vertebras and more than 30 musculuss. It has a batch of ligaments, inter-verbal phonograph record and multiple articulations. The complex construction of lower dorsum means that even little sums of harm to any portion of the lumbar part can do a batch of hurting and discomfort.The lower back, serves a figure of of import maps for the human organic structure. These maps include structural support, motion, and protection of certain organic structure tissues. When we stand, the lower dorsum is working to keep most of the weight of the organic structure. When we bend, extend or rotate at the waist, the lower dorsum is involved in the motion. Therefore, hurt to the constructions of import for weight bearing, such as the bony spinal column, musculuss, sinews, and ligaments, frequently can be detected when the organic structure is standing erect or used in assorted motions. Deyo RA and Tsui-Wu YJ, ( 1987 ) said that, â€Å" Back hurting is one of the most common jobs impacting all people and it is the largest cause of work-related absence.It can come on all of a sudden or bit by bit and may impact anyone, irrespective of age, but it is more common in people who are between 35 and 55 old ages of age † ( p.264 ) . While it is clear that most people will see back hurting in their life, it is non ever clear why. aa‚ ¬Aâ€Å"In day-to-day life low back hurting is characterized by the fact that it comes and goes with a changing figure of backslidings and hurting strength. Time periods of betterment frequently slide into each other, sometimes with episodes of acute exasperation † ( Ahn NU, Buchowski JM, Garret ES, Sieber AN, Kostuik JP, 2000, p.1515 ) . The causes of back hurting scope from musculus strains and ligament sprains, to joint jobs and slipped phonograph record, to hapless position and heavy lifting. Other hazard factors are re lated to lifestyle, for illustration smoke, considerable corpulence, writhing, humdrum work, quiver of the whole organic structure, and dissatisfaction at work. Everyone ‘s dorsum hurting is different and it is frequently difficult to nail precisely what causes the hurting. The common cause of back strivings is due to assorted musculus strains or sprains. A low back musculus strain occurs when the musculus fibres are abnormally stretched or torn. A lumbar sprain occurs when the ligaments are torn from their fond regards. These musculuss, ligaments, and castanetss all work together to supply control and strength for about all activities. When the lumbar spinal column is strained or sprained, redness of the soft-tissues is consequences. For this ground, the lumbar spinal column is prone to injury, and when an hurt has been sustained, we are prevented from executing many activities. Peoples are frequently surprised at how painful and enfeebling a lumbar strain or sprain can be. They frequently force individual to stay in bed for a twenty-four hours or two, and can do intermittent symptoms for hebdomads. Some people are wholly recovered from an episode of lumbar musculus strain or sprain within one to two hebdomads and if the hurting does non lessen after one month, so it may be advisable to see a doctor. Another common cause of back strivings is fleshiness. â€Å" Obesity is an highly common status worldwide and it is one of several lifestyle factors that have been suspected of doing lower back hurting. From a public wellness position, it would be of import to cognize if lifestyle factors, such as bodyweight, play an of import function in its generation † ( Leboeuf-Yde, 2000, p.226 ) . Over the past decennary the prevalence of fleshiness has risen by 50 % , with the greatest addition in morbid or terrible fleshiness. An of import thing to observe is that the back castanetss that has to bear the weight of the whole organic structure. With all this information on the prevalence of fleshiness and associated diseases, one might infer that fleshiness can be a important beginning of back hurting. Overweight puts the back bone under much force per unit area which frequently consequences in intense back hurting and transporting excess weight will set an excess strain on the lower dorsum ; excess weight puts added force per unit area on the spinal column, which can do hurting. It has long been known that a rise in organic structure weight consequences in a geometric addition in the force per unit area on the spinal column. For those who are morbidly corpulent, the hurt to the spinal column is even greater. There are some simple things can be done to cut down back hurting that is aggravated by fleshiness. It is rather common for physicians to rede their patients to lose weight, either for the intent of cut downing back hurting or to forestall it. Yet another cause of back strivings is the business and bad position. Any business that requires the employee to take part in bending, raising, long periods of sitting or driving, such as nursing, building, mail handling, and mill work can add to the increased hazard of developing a back ailment. Chafin DB and Andersson GB ( 1991 ) said that † In many occupations heavy or frequent lifting, forceful motion and carrying of heavy tonss complicated by awkward organic structure position are day-to-day elements of required undertakings. If the burden is excessively heavy or the frequence of raising exceeds the tolerance, hurts to the dorsum can be the effect † . Three work-related factors are associated with increased hazard of back hurting and hurt, first factor is force. Exerting excessively much force on the dorsum may do hurt. If the occupation is physical in nature, the employee might confront hurt if he often lift or travel heavy objects. The 2nd factor is repeat which refers to the figure of times the individual execute a certain motion. Excessively repetitive undertakings can take to muscle weariness or hurt, peculiarly if they involve stretching to the bound of the scope of gesture or awkward organic structure positioning. The last factor is posture which refers to the place when posing, standing or executing a undertaking. If, for case, the individual spends most of his clip in forepart of a computing machine, he may see occasional achings and strivings from sitting still for extended periods. On norm, the organic structure can digest being in one place for about 20 proceedingss before he experience the demand to set. There for we can forestall these jobs by making regular exercising, avoiding standing or sitting for a long period of clip. For adult females, back hurting is ineluctable during gestation and most pregnant adult females will endure with back hurting during their gestation. Most of the clip the hurting in gestation is related and symptoms will lessen one time the babe has been born. The turning uterus and babe cause many alterations in the organic structure and back aching can be a side-effect of these alterations. Turning womb may besides do back hurting if it is pressing on a nervus. A difference in endocrine degrees can do musculuss and ligaments to go more relaxed, particularly during the last few months as the organic structure is acquiring ready for labour. The weight of the babe can ensue in a higher grade of curvature of the lower spinal column, intending ligaments and musculuss must accommodate and sometimes can experience strained. The Centre of gravitation will be easy altering besides, maintaining a house base with pess shoulder width apart will assist to antagonize this. The best method of forestalling back hurting during gestation is to be physically fit and active before construct occurs. Strong abdominal musculuss and a supple and flexible frame will all assist forestall general achings and strivings during gestation. When pregnant, it is of import to alter place on a regular basis and rest at frequent intervals to avoid musculus weariness and general fatigue. Furthermore, it is said that when we get old back hurting can catch us easy. For many of us, several things begin to go on to our spinal columns as we age, there is a lessening in bone strength and musculus snap and tone. The phonograph record Begin to dry out and lose flexibleness, diminishing their ability to buffer the vertebrae. This is non ever a bad thing, since phonograph record that are less full of fluid are less likely to tear. aa‚ ¬Aâ€Å"Degenerative alterations ( including damaged phonograph record, arthritis and osteoporosis ) are, patho-anatomically, the most common lesions associated with and presumptively the most of import cause of back hurting † ( Bogduk N,1997 ) . Our vertebrae Begin to inspissate, and our discs start to lose wet and form, arthritis and osteoporosis may go on. As a consequence, the spinal canal becomes narrower, seting force per unit area on the spinal cord and nervus terminations and doing hurting, numbness, or failing in the organ ic structure, this status is called spinal stricture and it is most normally seen in older patients. We can forestall this by eating a balanced diet rich in Ca and vitamin D, weight-bearing exercisings, following a healthy life style and eventually to take medicines to better bone denseness when appropriate. In Conclusion, back hurting is non a disease but a configuration of symptoms that normally is acute and self-limited but some causes are chronic, physiological and psychological. Coping with back hurting is the biggest obstruction to betterment. Back hurting may impact the quality of life and curtail the activity and placing the cause for each instance is indispensable for bar and direction. In most instances of back pain the dorsum will mend itself, and remaining active and go oning with the usual activities will usually advance healing. The badness of back hurting does non ever correlate with the badness of the hurt or harm, but there are some things can be done to forestall low back hurting and they can fix for faster recovery. Exercise plans that include aerophilic conditioning and beef uping exercisings can assist in cut downing the return of low back hurting ; maintain the back healthy and strong. For occupational back hurting, employee demands to larn how to raise objects safely to protect his dorsum. Standing position is besides of import there for while standing the ears, shoulders, hips, and articulatio genuss should be in line with one another. Eating a alimentary diet is of import to acquire plentifulness of Ca, P, and vitamin D which may forestall osteoporosis, which can take to compaction breaks and low back pain.Finally intervention for back hurting will normally depend on the implicit in cause of the status and if the hurting still continuity is of import to seek medical advice so that a right diagnosi ng can be reached and appropriate intervention can be given.

How English Language Has Brought Change to Urdu Language

As my group and I interviewed Amjad Islam Amjad we got to know several reasons for the changes that English has brought to the Urdu language over the period of time. The two I will be discussing are: * Differences in schooling. * Government role in making English as an official language. However these two reasons are interlinked. At sir Amjad’s time English was taught like a foreign language in schools, after the 5th or 6th grade and now it is taught since prep. In fact when a child is taken for an admission he/she is interviewed in English language and is expected to answer in English as well. Before people could easily and fluently interact in Urdu language and children could speak in Urdu without any code mixing and code switching. They had a command over their mother language but today translations into Urdu are even more difficult than English and are understood by even fewer people. Especially, children and young people find it easier to use English. The current generation believes that Urdu language brings orthodoxy and limits their scope and vision. To date, when a child enters the learning stage, he is taught words and things in English. Indeed parents try to use as much English vocabulary as they can so that their child learns and speaks the higher language of the society. Analysing the government’s part in bringing a change in the Urdu language, we see that it has played a vital role by declaring English as the official language. It should not be so; people have actually become confused about their mother language, first language and the second language. The Advisory Board of Education in its first meeting in 1948 had resolved that the mother tongue should be the medium of instruction at the primary stage. Also, a number of institutions were established or supported by the State to do basic work in Urdu: from coining new terms, to translations, to developing new tools and techniques to speed up its adoption as an official language. The Sharif Commission, formed in 1959, had recommended that both Urdu be used as a medium of instruction from Class VI onward and in this way, in about fifteen years, Urdu would reach a point of development where it would become the medium of instruction at the university level. The Commission clearly stated that until Urdu was ready to replace English, English should continue to be used for advanced study and research. Now, this statement served a purpose. It allowed confusion to take root in terms of how and when and by whom it would be determined that Urdu was ready to replace English. This was a convenient method of maintaining the status quo and English was given a fifteen-year lease. The 1973 Constitution of the Republic was propagated with Article 251 stating: (1) The National language of Pakistan is Urdu, and arrangements shall be made for its being used for official and other purposes within fifteen years from the commencing day. 2) Subject to clause (1), the English language may be used for official purposes until arrangements are made for its replacement by Urdu. The timing of the Constitution coincides with the lapse of the fifteen year lease given to English by the Sharif Commission and hence refreshes that lease for another fifteen years. The contradiction that emerged in Bhutto’s era was that on the one hand, he propagated a socialist ideology, nationalized industry and education, and stood for the rights of the po or. On the other hand, he did not make any effort to change the official language to include the poor in decision making. The elected governments of Benazir and Nawaz Sharif continued with parallel education systems and encouraged private sector English medium schools and higher educational institutions. One step that Benazir’s first government took was the introduction of English as a compulsory subject from Class I in all government schools on the plea that it would enhance opportunities for poor children. The implementation remained weak because there was no quality teaching available. In all parts of Pakistan, more public and private institutions are coming up and promoting the use of English. The recently held national education conference in Islamabad, attended by both the President and the Prime Minister, saw no single change in the government’s policy on language education and the medium of instruction. The primary issue is not the choice of a medium or various mediums of instruction. It is the language in which the affairs of the state are managed, legislation is drafted and decisions are made.

Engineering management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Engineering management - Assignment Example In this regards, the price of a commodity in a competitive market will vary until it reaches a point where the quantity demanded is equals to the quantity supplied. Therefore, other than friendly prices on the market, an increase in income results to an increase in demand. Thus, as incomes increases, people are able to purchase more which means many may opt to purchase the products next month. In this case, increased advertising leads forecast consumers expected utility, which means they become aware of the product, and in the end might buy it. Sales of product and advertising expenditure are intertwined in that decrease advertising will always have a negative influence on the customers purchasing behavior. Therefore, a sales manager needs to invest more in advertising in order to increase the sale of the product. It is rational that if the sales manager has to make maximum sales, they must be in a position to balance between all expenses that he incurs and the volume of production. This will help it keeping the prices and maintaining a competitive advantage over the competitors. d. A manager of an international construction company making an estimate of the risk of civil unrest in a country which was formerly part of the Soviet Union and where the company is considering making investments The manager needs to understand that expanding its operations into other countries especially former Soviet Union ally, a company can face a number of political and economic challenges. One of the political challenges is government interference. Different governments have different levels of business interferences. Such things as business laws and taxing system of a country affect the progress of a company. To deal with this, the business needs to make calculations of all the required payments to the government and determine if it will be profitable

The Challenges ahead in Purchasing and Supply Management Essay

The Challenges ahead in Purchasing and Supply Management - Essay Example manufacturing processes, or for the purchase of goods for the inventory that are to be resold as new products in distribution and the retail outlets. Purchasing and procurement have been used interchangeably in many industries2. In many sectors, the acquisition or the buying of services is referred to as contracting, while that of commercial or industrial goods is known as purchasing or procurement. Purchasing needs to satisfy two primary objectives in business. These are to ensure intact operation in the company by facilitating the economic supply of procurement of goods and services and maintaining the profit levels by controlling the flow of money3. In a supply chain management a vendor or a supplier is known to be an enterprise that provides goods and/or services to the buyers in a supply chain. For any business venture as the distributors and the dealers form its one arm, the other arm is formed by the vendors or the suppliers. It is thus essential to form a good bond with the v endor chain4. a. Distribution network configuration which can be the number, location, network connections of suppliers, the production facilities, the distribution centers, warehouses, the cross-docks and their customers5. b. Distribution strategy that will consist of the questions related with control whether it is centralized or decentralized or even shared, the delivery scheme which can be direct shipment, pool point shipping, cross docking, DSD, i.e. direct store delivery, mode of transportation etc. c. Trade-Offs in logistics activities that needs to ensure that the activities are well coordinated in order to achieve the lowest total logistics cost. Trade-offs can increase the total cost if there is only one activity that can be is optimized. The trade-offs are the keys to develop the most efficient and perfect logistics and SCM business strategy6. The petrochemicals industry plays a significant role in many economies. SCM philosophies are used in this sector now-a-days to

Techniques in Enhancing the Effectiveness of Meetings Term Paper

Techniques in Enhancing the Effectiveness of Meetings - Term Paper Example These signs indicate that companies must reform their strategies in dealing with important matters through meeting. This paper aims to discuss the techniques that companies must employ in improving the effectiveness of meetings. Techniques to Improve Meetings Use Meetings to Fit the Purpose Henkel asserts that the purpose of the meeting defines what types of the meeting to be used, managed, or developed. Meetings could have different purposes such as reporting, presentation, problem-solving, and decision-making. The decision whether to use nominal groups, brainstorming, or technology depends on the leader after the identification of the purpose. Nominal group is intended for encouraging the involvement of participants in the meeting. Each participant writes suggestions, idea, and opinion on the subject of discussion. Then, the ideas are discussed within the group. Moreover, comments are also shared to determine other points. However, the limitation of this structured meeting is only applicable when the topic is a general idea, which every person can relate or contribute valuable information (Henkel 33). Brainstorming is another type of meeting wherein people convene to gather suggestions and comments in facilitating discussion. Brainstorming is necessary when dealing with a complex situation or issue that needs analytical, creative, and practical ideas. This type of meeting also encourages individuals to speak up and defend their ideas (Henkel 34). Technology aids companies in communicating information and concerns with employees. Email ensures that participants have the time to think and analyze the question before answering. This provides convenience for companies with a huge number of employees because email can send message one at a time. Aside from email, companies use online group message and instant messaging in conducting a meeting so that members can share their thoughts, opinions, and suggestions. Moreover, virtual meeting serves as an option for lead ers who prefer the flexibility. They can reach various people in different locations and motivate cooperation among members (Henkel 35-39). Setting of Goals and Objectives/Agenda During the pre-preparation of meeting, leaders have acknowledged the importance of setting agenda to direct the flow of the meeting. This is essential in ensuring the effectiveness of the meeting because it lists action points that must be covered. Based on Shessel, clear goals and objectives are the reasons for achieving success in meetings. Meetings take time, so developing agenda avoids too much spending on similar subject with no sense of direction. Furthermore, the goals and objectives serve as marking points to determine the efficacy and efficiency of meetings (Streibel 16). Indicate People, Time, and Place It is notable that meeting incorporates the exchanges of ideas, feedback, or suggestion; hence, it needs knowledgeable and appropriate people who can give insights and opinions. Meeting does not me an that leaders will just call for participants who are available, but its techniques also evolve in choosing the right workforce. Henkel affirms that people have a â€Å"direct impact on what happens and how much is accomplished† (45). Thus, if the leader secures the attendance of inappropriate people, the

The effect of foreshadowing in Emile Zola's Therese Raquin Essay

The effect of foreshadowing in Emile Zola's Therese Raquin - Essay Example Thesis the effect of foreshadowing helps Zola to prepare readers to plot twists and conflict of the story. The blending of past and present in Therese Raquin helps Zola to foreshadow a story conflict and appeal to emotions of readers through vivid narration and imagination. The focus throughout is on the present. It is not the expiation of crime, let alone the perpetration of it years ago, it is her marital malaise that is at issue, and the discovery of the crime serves to transform vague malaise into acute crisis. Therese Raquin, however, tackles the hindrances of freedom in the modern world more directly and more precisely. In that novel, they take the form of a hypocritical society and false values. Zola describes "She had seen Therese at work, and wished to give her to her son as a guardian angel. This marriage was a solution to the matter, foreseen and settled in her mind" (Zola 1999). This passage foreshadows further events and unveils hardship faced by the main character. Again, the past to the present is driven in by the incident when Therese and her lover drown Camille. Therese is irresponsible and frivolous, not only because the serious elements in her nature have never received encouragement, but also because she has inherited from her father a disposition towards frivolity and irresponsibility. Zola invokes childish memories as formative elements in the characters of his heroes, who, moreover, have a great deal in common with their respective mothers. Zola uses foreshadowing as the main tool to predict and predetermine the future. In the novel, the family and the little town in which they live is hardly a question on which the home-trudging multitude exercised its imaginative powers, unless it was in the cynical and rhetorical form. Zola projects the dramatic as well as the moral interest--into the future with vigor and effect. There are cynical prophecies, there are sentimental prophecies, fantastic prophecies of all kinds. Minds straying that way should remind themselves that, if the end of the novel is to be taken seriously, then clearly the greatest battle of Therese's life has already been decided and that nothing thereafter is likely to deter her from doing what she is determined to do: and that is to think out, in independence and solitude, her position in a world whose general laws she has begun to apprehend and means to fathom. Zola depicts the illness of Madame Raquin: "Paralysis was little by little gaining on Madame Ra quin, and they foresaw the day when she would be riveted to her armchair, feeble and doltish" (Zola 1999). The main benefit of this technique is that it leaves readers in suspense additional emotional tension and anxiety. In Therese Raquin, the relevant matter preceding the actual action is not so involved, but, as the title might indicate, it has a profounder significance. The character and activities of a man have to be reconstructed to account for the mentality. However skilful and, in Zola's scheme, indispensable the telescoping of a long action might be, it struck contemporaries as novel and for that reason gave rise to doubts. One of the unique symbols which foreshadow death is a portrait. In the bridal chamber hangs portrait of Camille made by Laurent. The deep meaning of this scene is underlined by the fact that beneath it the couple feared of horror at their crime, reproach one

Abuse of the Elderly Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Abuse of the Elderly - Research Paper Example Abuse and neglect are too often visited upon older individuals who have lost some degree of their independence, and many areas do not have the programs necessary to effectively counter this threat on the community level. There is even abuse and neglect that goes on with healthcare facilities, nursing homes, and home environments, and this is perhaps the most insidious sort of abuse. In some cultures, the elderly are prized and honored above all other citizens and groups, but unfortunately this is not the case in the present culture. Elder abuse can happen in healthcare or nursing home situations, or it could happen at the hands of the elder’s own family and support system. In the US today, older individuals are more likely to be seen as being in the way of the young than as role models who should be exalted because of their aged wisdom. Presently, however, many individuals are treated harshly by healthcare facilities and even their own kin, making elder abuse a significant pro blem in society. Also, in terms of economic scales, older individuals who are of a lower socio-economic class are more likely to be abused or mistreated. These people may lack a stable caregiver. There are those who say the aged should be used as models who should be exalted because of their aged wisdom. Presently, however, many individuals are treated harshly by healthcare facilities and even, as the proposed report will show, their own families and support systems, making elder abuse a significant problem in society.

MEDIATION MEMORANDUM Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

MEDIATION MEMORANDUM - Coursework Example hat the grapes and its products were quickly becoming a desired product and I realized that soon the grape producer will find a better offer from another distributor and buyer. I decided to protect myself and my future business investments by drafting a contract which would ensure that the grape producer will always be selling her products to me. The contract also stipulated that the price will not be increased by any cost no matter who will be willing to purchase the products later on and at whatever cost. The son of the grape producer made the delivery and since the contract was time conscious and I did not know what would happen between that delivery and the next, I explained the contract details to the son and he signed the contract. I did not coerce him into signing it and it was therefore a mutual decision after going through the contract to formalize the business deals. I had no prior knowledge of his age as he looked and seemed quite competent in handling the delivery and the payments, and I thought he was of age if he could be sent to handle the business on behalf of his parents. A few weeks later, my fears turned true after the grape producer received a better offer in price and in produce quantity and decided that my business was not worth continuing the business deal. I decided to remind the grape producer about the contract agreement only to find out that the son never mentioned it to the parents. I cannot let my efforts, and the hard work I have put into advertising and marketing the grape products from scratch, go to waste simply because a better offer has been found. It is not fair that I was the one who built the business and now that the product is known to others, I am kept aside and forgotten. The issue at hand is the lack of honoring the contract which has been signed already meaning the terms and conditions of the contract have been agreed upon and hence it can simply not be terminated without the two parties in the contract coming to an

Black Political Power Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Black Political Power - Research Paper Example Some of her notable acts of activism include an article she wrote in Free speech and headlight that urged blacks to leave Memphis, which led to about 6000 people leaving, while others organized boycotts (Fradin & Fradin, 2000). Quitting teaching, she begun investigative journalism and together with Frederick Douglass and other African Americans, they organized the Chicago boycott of 1893 and died in 1931 at the age of 68 with a record of speaking against anti-lynching and written various works of activism like the â€Å"Red Record† and the â€Å"Southern Horrors: Lynch Law In All Its Phases.† She travelled far and wide including Europe and Great Britain, preaching antiracism. Another key political leader in the black politics who did not hold a political title was Frederick Douglass, who was a poet and an activist against slavery. He was born into slavery in 1818 in Talbot County in Maryland, to become a prominent intellectual who lectured to many people and advised pre sidents. When in slavery at the home of Hugh Auld, his wife Sophia taught him to read the alphabet at the age of 12, helping him acquire the skills that would latter Vault him to national celebrity. In his course of reading, he developed the ideological of opposition, after reading newspaper articles about slavery. He got interested in political writing and literature. In 1833, while working for Thomas Auld, they had a fight in which Auld lost in the physical confrontation. After escaping from slavery in 1838, he got married to Anna Murray and they both moved to Massachusetts where he became an anti-slavery lecturer. He wrote an autobiography of his life story in 1845 named â€Å"Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An... Black Political Power The key political leader in the black politics who did not hold a political title was Frederick Douglass, who was a poet and an activist against slavery. He was born into slavery in 1818 in Talbot County in Maryland, to become a prominent intellectual who lectured to many people and advised presidents. When in slavery at the home of Hugh Auld, his wife Sophia taught him to read the alphabet at the age of 12, helping him acquire the skills that would latter Vault him to national celebrity. In his course of reading, he developed the ideological of opposition, after reading newspaper articles about slavery. He got interested in political writing and literature. In 1833, while working for Thomas Auld, they had a fight in which Auld lost in the physical confrontation. After escaping from slavery in 1838, he got married to Anna Murray and they both moved to Massachusetts where he became an anti-slavery lecturer. He wrote an autobiography of his life story in 1845 named â€Å"Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave†, which became a bestseller in the United States and was latter translated in several European languages. He published my â€Å"Bondage and My Freedom† in 1855 and in 1881 â€Å"The Life and Times of Frederick Douglass.† He later went to Ireland to avoid his recapture, and remained there for two years, talking and preaching about the evils of slavery (Spengler, 2006). His British supporters raised funds hat purchased his legal freedom and returned to the United States in 1847 as a free man.

Comparing Japan and Russias Response before 1914 Essay Example for Free

Comparing Japan and Russias Response before 1914 Essay In the early 19th century Russian rulers did anything in their power to keep the French plague from infiltrating Russia. The French Plague was a gradual move towards freedom and a more influential say in government. Russia avoided the French Plague by a period of isolation and oppression of their people. Japan also had a long period of isolation. The Japanese believed in the Mandate of Heaven or that there culture was the best. Because of their ethnocentric culture, only one Japanese port, Nagasaki, was open to traders once a year. During the late 19th century, both Russia and Japan were forced to make reforms and modernize by industrialization. They both had to do so rapidly because of Western interference and the Wests increasing power in trade. During the early 20th century, Russia and Japan had managed to reform, industrialize, and make sufficient changes to build powerful nations, although they still couldnt compete with the Wests supreme military and technological strength. The industrialization process for both Russia and Japan began during the same time period because of this they both shared many similar industrial responses, but also contrasted in many ways. Both Russia and Japan had some common characteristics, which explained how they kept independent from Western interference for such a long period of time. The two nations both new that learning from outsiders could profit them and not necessarily destroy their culture. Industrialization was easy for them because they followed a system of borrow and improve from other countries. Through Japans Tokugawa shogunate and Russias tsarist empire, both nations improved their political success. Instead, they used the state to pay for changes that in the West was backed by private businesses. In both Russia and Japan their rulers received more power. By emancipating the Russian serfs and the peasant class, both nations had a large labor force. Besides similarities there were also many differences in both nations responses to industrialization. Women were treated very differently in both Russian and Japanese societies, in society and in the home. The education of their people was another contrast because in Japan the literacy levels were higher. In Japan, market forms were more extensive going into peasant agriculture. As Russia possessed more land they automatically had more natural resources then did Japan. Japan and Russian responses to government reform was also a major factor of industrialization. The similarities between Russia and Japan were many. Russia and Japan were able to industrialize so easily because of past imitation experience. Japan copied from China and Russia from the Byzantine Empire. Japan took the Confucian system from China and other scientific and medical knowledge. Russia borrowed its bureaucratic rule from Byzantium. They felt that taking from other cultures would not destroy their own. During industrialization, both Japan and Russia managed to keep their own cultures and religions despite their increased borrowing from the West. In the West private businesses backed entrepreneurs, where as in Russia and Japan the entrepreneurs were provided for by the state because of lack of technology and resources. Russian landlords happily took advantage of Western markets for grain, they increased their exports by tightening the labor obligations of the serfs. Russias agricultural society was based on serf labor. The Crimean War fought on the Black Sea between the Ottoman Empire, Britain and France against Russia. The loss was a huge blow to Russia whom realized that they needed to drastically improve their technology and their military. Tsar Alexander II knew that the only way to develop a mobile labor force to industrialize was to free the serfs. The emancipitation of the serfs in 1861 fulfilled Russias need for cheap flexible labor. Japan similarly needed a larger labor force to industrialize. In Japan the peasants whom were kicked off their land moved to cities to work in factories. The samurai, who were replaced by technology and armies, became another part of the labor force when they were no longer provided for by the state. In both nations the political power was centralized. The tsar appointed zemstvoes, or local political councils that regulated roads, schools and other regional policies. The zemstvoes undertook important inquiries into local problems. They owed the tsars complete and utter loyalty. In Japan in 1871 when the new Meiji government took over they abolished feudalism, replacing the daimyos with a system of nationally appointed prefects. Prefects are district administrators who are picked from different regions. The prefects like the Russian zemstvoes owed complete loyalty to the emperor. The Meiji rulers began to widen the power of the state to effect social and economic change. Another similarity was that both Russia and Japan improved their military.  Russias officer corps was reformed by promotion by merit and newly organized essential services. Peasants were able to be recruited and they learned new skills from their military service. In Japan a stronger military unit replaced the samurai with weapons, advanced technology, and a high sense of organization. Industrialization was part of the greater process of change. The trans-Siberian railroad connected European Russia with the Pacific Ocean. The railroad directly expanded Russias coal and iron sectors. The Railroad also fueled the export of grain to the West, which became necessary to earn foreign currency for advanced Western machinery. As a result of the railroad, Siberia was opened to development and brought Russia into a more active Asian role. Factories began to be built in all cities by the goods that were transported by the railroad. In Japan also there was attention focused on making the conditions necessary for industrialization. State wide railroads were built across the country and rapid steamers connected the islands. Agricultural output was raised by new methods to feed the people of the growing cities. There were also many differences in Japan and Russias response to industrialization. The literacy rates in Japan were much higher then that of Russia. Japan followed the Confucian teachings. Commoner schools or terakoya provided reading, writing, and the basic Confucianism to ordinary people. During the mid 19th century over 40% of all men were literate and about 15% of women were too. There were also Dutch study schools in all the major cities teaching the students to throw out Chinese influence and to adapt the Wests. Where as Russias educational reforms werent as progressive and were very limited. Schools were spread out unevenly although there were some attempts for a state sponsored education. Womens position both in the home and in society varied between the two nations greatly. Women in Russia had a chance to get a greater education and some even progressed far enough to get jobs in medicine. In Russia during the 1860s-1870s, women started taking more control over the home scene particularly in urban work areas. In Japan, womens position in society was  the exact opposite. Women were treated as inferior while the men were honored. Women were also forced to work in sweatshops or were sold into service by farm families. Russian and Japanese reforms in government were also different. For Russia to reform the government against the tsars there were many revolts and in Japan it was mostly agreed upon. Most high-class business people wanted to have a greater say in government in Russia, they wanted to enact liberal reforms. The intellects, or intelligentsia, became very active when the educated youth started some revolts. The anarchists of Russia wanted to destroy all forms of government, especially the tsarist autocracy. The anarchist radicals soon resorted to violent means of getting their point across, resulting in terrorism. . As a result, many revolts and acts of violence persisted in order to gain reform and to abolish the czarist regime itself, Russia, as a nation was severely unstable. This resulted in the creation of the Duma, or known as the Russian national parliament. Japans approach to government reform was different. They reformed in a more or less gradual and peaceful way. Meiji rulers traveled to discover up to date political reforms. In the year 1884 they constructed a conservative nobility, with former nobles and Meiji leaders would run a House of Peers (modeled after Britain). The bureaucracy was opened to talent by civil service examinations. Finally in 1889, the constitution was passed allowing Japans emperor limited power in the Diet, the new parliament. Parliament could advise government but not directly control it. Finally, Russia and Japan responses to industrialization differed because of the natural resources they possessed. Russia contained abundant amounts of coal and iron, both necessary for industrialization such as trains of the time. Russia naturally had more resources because of the amount of land under Russian rule. By 1900, Russia had  surged to fourth rank in the world in steel production and was second to the United States in the petroleum production and refining. Where as Japan and was dependent on the West for there industrialization needs. This was a disadvantage for Japan their success depended on the world trade market. The beginnings of industrialization in Russia and Japan, contributed greatly to the Worlds trade market and cultures. Both Russia and Japan modernized in there own unique way, Russia with revolutions and Japan with their nationalistic reforms. Without their rapid industrialization and influence on world affairs, today as we know it wouldnt be the same.

Social Work in School: Reflection

Social Work in School: Reflection This essay will be an analysis of my social work practice in my recent placement at Murston Primary School in Sittingbourne, Kent. This piece is a reflective piece on my time at this school and the issues I encountered while I was there. In order to accomplish this, this essay will be broken down into several sections. The first section will serve as an introduction to the placement setting. It will provide a brief overview of the school and the area of Sittingbourne. The next section will move on to look at some of the issues that I encountered during my time at the school. Schools offer an interesting area of study for social workers because as a colleague of mine argued, â€Å"every issue comes through those school gates†. This essay will consider some of those issues and how they are resolved in this setting. It will consider some of the theories at play in this environment and examine what works well and what doesn’t work so well when it comes to practicing social work in schools. I will reference specific examples from my own time there to illustrate this. The third section of this essay will then turn to take a wider view of some of the issues at play in terms of having social workers in schools. Although social work placements in schools are fairly commonplace these days, they still do raise some fairly specific issues. Throughout this essay, the focus has to remain on the service users, in this case the pupils at the school and to a lesser extent their parents and how their needs are being met. It will consider how anti-oppressive practices are at play in this setting and how successful they are. I want this piece to be a reflective piece. Reflection is a key component of learning within the caring professions as it forces you to critically analyse and evaluate what you may have done differently and what you will do differently should you encounter the same or a similar situations again. It would be useful to apply my experiences to a particular model of reflection as it will help me greater understand what I have learnt and help me to be critical about certain aspects of the experience as a whole. The reflective model I have chosen to use for this essay is Borton’s (1970) Developmental Model for Reflective Practice. It is one of a number of models I could have chosen (John’s model of reflection,1994; Kolb’s learning cycle, 1984; Atkins and Murphy’s model of reflection, 1994; Gibbs’ model of reflection, 1988 ) but Borton’s model best suits my purpose. The model that Borton devised is based on 3 separate elements that work in a sequential, cyclical order. The first stage is the descriptive stage, or the ‘what?’. It makes the practitioner consider what the issue was, what their role in it was, and what the response was to the actions taken? The second stage is the ‘so what?’. This forces the practitioner to consider the theory and knowledge building that is an essential part of reflection. What do the events tell or teach one about the service user, about myself and about the model of care that I am applying. What was I feeling at the time and did these feeling affect my actions? What could I have done differently if presented with the same situation again and how has my understanding changed as a result of what I have been through. The final stage of this model is the ‘now what?’. This stage looks at how the situation can be bettered in the future. This is when broader issues may come into pla y. Murston Primary School in Sittingbourne, Kent is a mixed, non-denominational school with approximately 140 students. Because a nursery school was opened last year, it now caters for students aged between 3 and 11. The majority of the students are white British but there are a few students from minority ethnic backgrounds. The population which it serves is fairly stable but temporary housing in the local area means there is some degree of transience and some pupils joining in Years 1 and 2 have had no previous experience of school. A high proportion of pupils at this school have been identified as having learning difficulties and/or disabilities. Their needs relate mostly to learning, speech and language difficulties, behavioural, emotional and social needs, autism and physical disability. A recent Ofsted report rated the school as good. The report stated that the school, â€Å"provides a good standard of education within a very safe, caring family atmosphere† (Ofsted, 2008: p. 4). The school is in the Borough of Swale. While much of this borough is fairly affluent, there are a few pockets of deprivation. Sittingbourne is one of these areas. This is reflected by the well above average take up of free school meals. This essay will now focus on three issues of the many issues that I encountered in my time at Murston Primary School. These are bullying, the inclusion of children with autism and finally self-harm. I have chosen these three areas to focus on because they are three quite diverse issues. Bullying is one that is widely covered and is a common problem in most schools in the UK. The inclusion of children with autism is a growing area of study as more and more is found out about this disorder. Self-harm among young children is an area that is often ignored because of the stigma that it still holds in our society. However, it is a very real problem and one that I encountered during my time at Murston Primary School. Bullying is, â€Å"an unfortunate reality which occurs across disparate cultures and educational settings at about the same rate† (Carney and Merrell, 2001: p. 364). Hazler (1996) defines bullying as, â€Å"repeatedly (not just once or twice) harming others. This can be done by physical attack or hurting others’ feelings through words, actions or social exclusion. Bullying may be done by one person or by a group. It is an unfair match since the bully is either physically, verbally and/or socially stronger than the victim†. Bullying has been identified as one of the top concerns that parents have about their children’s safety when at school. In response, the government has made tackling the problem of bullying a top priority. The Department for Children, Schools and Families (DCFS) recently published, Safe to Learn: Embedding Anti-Bullying Work in Schools (2007). This report sets out a framework for schools to use in formulating anti-bullying strategies. A certain amount of leeway is given to schools to formulate their own responses to bullying but there are certain elements that all anti-bullying programmes should contain. The victims of bullying should be able to be heard; they should know how to report bullying and get help; they should be confident in the ability of the school to deal with the problem; they should feel confident that steps are being taken to help them feel safe; they can receive help to rebuild their confidence and they have to know that they can receive support from others. Those involved in bullying have to be aware that there are sanctions and learning programmes that will hold them to account for their behaviour and help them realise the harm they have caused. These pupils have to develop their emotional skills so that they can learn to behave in ways that won’t cause harm to others. They also have to learn how to repair the damage they have caused. The school as a whole has to be clear about the anti-bullying stance. There needs to be a collaborative effort between staff members and pupils to develop the anti-bullying work in the school. All pupils have to be clear that they can prevent bullying. Most importantly perhaps, anti-bullying has to be regarded as a collaborative effort not just within the school but with other schools within the area and with other agencies. Not as much attention is given to the problem of bullying in primary schools as much of the focus is on the transition that pupils make when they move from the smaller, more personal environment of a primary school to the larger, and much less supportive secondary school environment (Eccles, Wigfield, Schiefele, 1998). Pellegrini and Long (2002) argue that bullying during this transition is, â€Å"a deliberate strategy used to attain dominance as youngsters enter a new social group† (p. 260). However, another cause of bullying is the rapid changes that occur in body size. This is especially the case for boys. Pellegrini and Bartini (2001) argue that these changes lead to a reorganisation of social dominance hierarchies. The bigger the boy is, the more dominant he becomes over his smaller peers. This change is usually witnessed in secondary school as puberty doesn’t occur in males until the early years of secondary school. Hazler (1996) argues that bullying is most comm on between the ages of 9 and 15. There was a child at Murston Primary School who was much physically bigger than many of the other boys in the school who had had a history of fairly violent behaviour towards some of the other boys in the school. I will refer to this boy as John. John is 11 and is in year six, so he is in his final year at Murston. He is from a minority ethnic background and he only joined the school the year previously. John has been identified as having some learning difficulties as his reading level and language levels are well below what they should be at his age. He is also a recipient of free school meals. John has had difficulties in adjusting to Murston and has been bullying two students in particular. Murston has a well developed anti-bullying plan which is especially important considering the high proportion of vulnerable students with learning difficulties and/or disabilities. The school has a teacher who is in charge of the anti-bullying programme. She is well known to all the other staff and pupils. She is a well liked member of staff by the pupils and she has an open door policy where students are made to feel welcome. This policy may be so successful because as Smith and Shu (2001) argue, young er children are more likely to tell someone when they witness bullying. Other teachers are required to tell her if they suspect anyone of being bullied or bullying. In most cases she is able to successfully mediate between the two parties with parental involvement in all cases. However, in extreme cases she will contact the LEA who will first send a social worker to work with the two parties and then an educational psychologist. I was able to observe one of her sessions with John and also his educational psychologist who had been involved from when the problem had first been identified. Olweus (1993) argues that sometimes staff at school can model bullying behaviour by belittling and threatening students. This was certainly not the case at Murston. John had not learnt this behaviour from his teachers. John was not a popular member of school. This is supported by Carney and Merrell (2001) who state that, â€Å"in early grades bullies tend to enjoy average or somewhat below average popularity among peers† (p. 370). John also bullied alone which is contrary to many of the theories of bullying that suggest that bullies tend to bully in groups (Smith and Shu, 2001). It became clear that John was acting out because he was having feelings of inadequacy due to language levels being so much lower than many of the other children in the class. He felt excluded from many of his peers and bullying was a way of getting rid of his frustration. It would be useful to briefly apply Borton’s (1970) Developmental Model for Reflective Practice to this experience. This essay has adequately covered the ‘what?’ so far. I felt that the school was handling the problem well and were recognising that some cases require outside help. Because it had taken the educational psychologist many sessions to build up trust with John, I wasn’t able to participate fully as the school felt they were at quite a delicate stage with John. However, just from observing I learnt about the frustrations that cause bullying. Murston Primary School is in quite an advantageous position when it comes to bullying. Being so small, it is easy to identify problems when they arise and it is possible to deal with problems more effectively. I don’t think they can do much more in their anti-bullying programme. The second issue this essay will look at is the inclusion of children with autism spectrum disorder in schools. This term covers a range of developmental disorders from autism to Asperger syndrome. This essay will focus on autism because there were several children at Murston Primary School with autism. There are three distinct behaviours that characterise autism. The first is that autistic children have difficulty with social interaction. Secondly, autistic children experience problems with verbal and nonverbal communication. The final characterising characteristic of this disorder is unusual, repetitive and very limited interests. Barnard (2002) states that the rate of autism spectrum disorder reported by teachers is three times higher in primary schools than it is in secondary schools. Autism is classified as a mild learning disorder and because of this, children suffering form it are encouraged to go to mainstream schools such as Murston. Inclusion is a contentious issue in educational circles. It implies, â€Å"Inclusion implies a restructuring of mainstream schooling that every school can accommodate every child irrespective of disability† (Avramidis and Norwich, 2002: p. 131). The idea first came to the public attention with the publication of the Warnock Report in 1978. Croll and Moses (2000) state that, â€Å"support for the principle of inclusion of all children in mainstream neighbourhood schools has achieved widespread support, at least at a rhetorical level† (p. 4). It is often seen as the ideal but an ideal that is not fully achievable. The critical element to inclusion is how the teachers respond to it. Avramidis and Norwich (2002) argue that, â€Å"teachers’ beliefs and attitudes are critical in ensuring the success of inclusive practices since teachers’ acceptance of the policy of inclusion is likely to affect their commitment to implementing it† (p. 130). The view in th e UK was fairly positive. Clough and Lindsay (1991) found that on the whole teachers were fairly happy with inclusion, provided the support was in place for them. However, inclusion is now widely seen as somewhat of a failure. Schools want to seem like they are inclusive, but they have yet to make adequate provisions for pupils with special educational needs. A 2004 Ofsted report entitled, Special educational needs and disability: towards inclusive schools, supports this view. There are many issue surrounding the inclusion of autistic children in ordinary state schools. Murston is an inclusive school and an inclusive school that unlike many other schools is able to cater to the needs of students with autism. Barnard et al. (2000) state that inclusive schools, â€Å"must ensure that appropriate learning or other positive experiences take place. It is not simply about where an individual is educated or receives services or support; it is about the quality of such a service or support. Inclusive education is a process involving the restructuring of the curriculum and classroom organisation† (p. 6). Murston is certainly well equipped to deal with the demands placed upon them by these pupils. The school has realised that to adequately meet the needs of its service users it needs to involve the expertise of other agencies. Input has been sought from a number of specialist professions including educational psychologists, speech, language and occupational t herapists. Teaching assistants have received extra training in dealing with children with autism and there are regular workshops for teachers as well. Not only are the teachers well trained, but there are a range of intervention programmes in operation to help not only the students with autism but also without autism. The 2008 Ofsted report made special mention of the provisions that Murston offers these students by stating that, â€Å"outstanding care, guidance and support mean pupils are exceptionally well looked after. Staff cater for everyones needs very well, including those children who are particularly vulnerable† (p. 5). Barnard et al (2000) argue that parents are happiest when schools recognise the individual needs of their child. From my time at Murston, I would say that this is a priority for the school. As with the issue of bullying, Murston is in a fairly advantageous position due to it’s size. It is able to offer such fantastic support because it has a relatively small number of students. Although it does have a higher proportion of students with autism than many other schools in the area, most of the teachers I spoke to seemed very positive about the work they were able to do. It is possible to apply Borton’s (1970) Developmental Model for Reflective Practice to my experience of inclusion. I got to assist in a few classes and on a number of instances helped out the children with autism. I didn’t feel sufficiently trained to deal with some of their more specific problems. However, my experience did teach me the importance of treating each child as an individual. I feel that Murston has a good system in place, aided by the fact that it is a very small school. It would be useful for them to be able to share some of their knowledge with other schools in the local area. This essay will now consider the final issue that I encountered in my time at Murston Primary School. Deliberate self-harm is when someone injures or harms themselves on purpose. This can take many forms. It can range from taking an overdose to cutting or burning oneself. Gunnell et al (2000) claim that it is a problem that is growing and affecting more young people than ever before. Because of the social stigma attached to it, it is often a problem that goes unreported and as such there are no hard statistics about it. However, a 2004 report published by the Office for National Statistics estimates that about 1 in 12 children and young people deliberately self-harm. This leads to well over 24,000 hospitalisations every year. There are numerous reasons why children and young people self-harm. If the individual is feeling worried, trapped and helpless by a problem they may be having, self-harm is a way of regaining control of the situation. Self-harm is also a way of relieving tension. Children sometimes lack the necessary language skills to truly express their emotions. This leads to them bottling up their feelings. The only way of releasing these is through self-harm. Thirdly, self-harm can be a form of punishment if the child or young person is feeling guilty about something they may have done or witnessed. Finally, self-harm may be a way of helping the child to feel connected after the emotional numbness that often follows a traumatic event. Self-harm is often seen as something that girls do. Young et al (2007) do not go along with this assumption. They argue that while women are more likely to take this behaviour forward into later life, levels are similar between young girls and boys. Boys tend to favour the more violent methods whereas girls are less violent. One might expect that this activity is higher among people from lower socio-economic backgrounds as well but West and Sweeting (2004) dispute this. They argue that in actual fact this is not the case. Levels of health are the same across all groups of children and yond people in today’s society. While I was at Murston Primary School, there was evidence that a girl in year 6 had been deliberately self-harming. I felt that the situation was dealt with very well by the staff at the school. The problem was identified quickly and guidelines based on a Royal College of Psychiatrists fact sheet were followed. The student was made to feel comfortable and it soon transpired that her mother had been quite seriously ill for some time. Her case was referred on to social services and her GP but again, the value of treating this girl as an individual meant that she was able to open up to staff in the first place. Self-harming behaviour is an indication that something is going seriously wrong in the life of that young person. There are no quick fixes to this problem. I feel that the school has a more than adequate care structure to deal with this problem. Overall I felt my experience at Murston Primary School was very positive. I got to witness firsthand a wide variety of issues that affect the students on a day to day basis. I only chose the three examples above as I felt they gave an indication of the wide variety of issues that exist in a school setting. Having social workers in school is still a relatively new concept in many parts of the country. I felt that maybe this school was not set-up to have a full time social worker on the staff but I don’t think it needed one as it was a very small school. However, I do realise the value of schools working with social services, especially in areas such as Sittingbourne that do have fairly high levels of deprivation. There are a number of issues that arise from this and schools, working in collaboration with social services and other local agencies are best equipped to tackle these problems of social exclusion. Most of the staff in the school were happy to allow me to shadow them but I felt a certain amount of hostility from some staff because it felt like I was looking over their shoulder and questioning their methods. This was not the case, for the most part I was simply observing. I did not feel it prudent to get involved in most cases because I had no knowledge of the background and in many cases the pupils already had a number of people from the caring professions already working for them. I was able to offer my help and expertise when it was required but for the most part I was happy to observe the interactions within this complex and challenging environment. Bibliography and References Avramidis, E. and Norwich, B. (2002). Teachers’ attitudes towards integration/inclusion: a review of the literature, European Journal of Special Needs Education, 17(2), pp. 129-147. Barnard, J. (2000). Inclusion and Autism: Is it Working?, London: NAS. Barnard, J. (2002). Autism in Schools: Crisis or Challenge?, London: NAS. Carney, A.G. and Merrell, K.W. (2001). Bullying in Schools, School Psychology International, 22(3), pp. 364-382. Clough, P. and Lindsay, G. (1991). Integration and the Support Service, Slough: NFER. Croll, P. Moses, D. (2000). Ideologies and utopias: education professionals’ views of inclusion. European Journal of Special Needs Education, 15(1), 1-12. DCFS (2007). Safe to Learn: Embedding Anti-Bullying Work in Schools, HM Stationery Office. Eccles, J. S., Wigfield, A., Schiefele, U. (1998). Motivation to succeed. In N. Eisenberg (Ed.), Handbook of child psychology (Vol. 3, pp. 1017–1096), New York: Wiley. Gunnell, D., Shepherd, M. and Evans, M.(2000). Are recent increases in deliberate self-harm associated with changes in socio-economic conditions? An ecological analysis of patterns of deliberate self-harm in Bristol1972-3 and 1995-6, Psychological Medicine, 30, pp. 1197-1203 Hazler, R.J. (1996). Breaking the Cycle of Violence: Interventions for Bullying and Victimization, Washington, DC: Accelerated Development. Ofsted (2008). Murston Infant School: Inspection Report, HMSO. Olweus, D. (1993). Bullying at school, Cambridge, MA: Blackwell. Pellegrini, A. D., Bartini, M. (2001). Dominance in early adolescent boys: Affiliative and  aggressive dimensions and possible functions, Merrill–Palmer Quarterly, 47, pp. 142–63. Pellegrini, A.D. and Long, J.D. (2002). A longitudinal study of bullying, dominance, and  victimization during the transition from primary school through secondary school, British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 20, pp. 259-280. Smith, P.K. and Shu, S. (2001). What Good Schools Can Do About Bullying: Findings from a Survey in English Schools After a Decade of Research and Action, Childhood, 7(2), pp. 193-212. Warnock Report. DES (1978). Special Educational Needs: Report of the Committee of Enquiry into the Education of Handicapped Children and Young People. London: HMSO. West, P. and Sweeting, H. (2004). Evidence on equalisation in youth from the West of Scotland. Social Science and Medicine, 59, pp. 13-27. Young, R. Van Beinum, M., Sweeting, H. and West, P. (2007). Young people who self-harm, British Journal of Psychiatry, 191, pp. 44 -49.

Composting and the Benefits and Limitations of its Use as Soil Amendmen

Composting and the Benefits and Limitations of its Use as Soil Amendment Composting is widely-known as an environmentally sustainable method of recycling food scraps and garden/yard clippings. According to the United States Environment Protection Agency's (EPA) 1994 report entitled, "Waste Prevention, Recycling, and Composting", food discards constitute approximately 8 percent of municipal solid waste generated nationwide. A case study observed in San Francisco, California, reported that an estimated 31 percent of residential wastes and 19 percent of commercial waste generated is food waste. Composting is a viable answer to the food-waste problem. Composting not only reduces the amount of waste, buy also contains chemical properties and other rich elements that benefit the soil's quality, allowing farmers to use it as soil amendment. The following research will examine the process of composting and its different variables in order to investigate its positive and negative affects on the soil. Composting refers to the controlled decomposing of organic matter by microorganisms, mainly bacteria and fungi, that break organic matter down into readily available nutrients. In truth, it relies on little to no human intervention which makes it fairly easy. There are literally dozens of different technologies that are currently used to create compost (Stickelberger, 1975, p.188). Professor David Bice of Carleton College utilizes a method known as vermicomposting. Dictated by the amount of space (he is limited to in his apartment), Professor Bice places his food scraps in a bucket where red-colored worms digest and convert the bio-waste into a fertilizer product. Therefore, selection of a system depends largely on pragmatic factors.... ...lized form of organic matter that improves the physical, chemical, and biological properties of soil. Works Cited Stickelberger, D, 1975, Survery of city refuse composting. In Organic Materials and Fertilizers: Rome, Italy, FAO Soils, Bulletin 27. Kapage, F.S.C.P, 1974, Tropical Soils: Classification, Fertility, and Management: New York, St. Martin Press, 201p. Broadbent, F.E., 1987, Organic Matter . Minnesota Compost and Co-Compost Research Project, In USDA Yearbook of Agriculture: U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. Government Document, February 1994, Waste Prevention, Recycling, and Composting Options: Lessons From 30 Communities: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington D.C. 47p. Government Document, May 1994, Composting Yard Trimmings and Municipal Solid Waste: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington D.C. 56-57p.

resistence basic guide :: essays research papers

A basic guide to resistance. Electron Flow Model Everything is made of very small particles called atoms. Each atom has a heavy positively charged nucleus and is surrounded by a cloud of light, negatively charged, electrons. In metals, the outer most electron of each atom is weakly attracted to the positive nucleus and can escape from the atom and wander around between the atoms. [Note 1] So, in metals, we have all these millions and millions of electrons whizzing about at high speed, in random directions, between the fixed atoms. When you connect the piece of metal across a battery all these electrons are still whizzing about at random, BUT they are also forced to slowly drift in one direction. This slow drift is called the current. [Note 2] As the electrons are forced through the metal they collide with the atoms and transfer energy to them. This is where the word resistance comes in. The electrons experience resistance to their forced movement between the atoms. When the electrons collide with the atoms the electrons lose energy and slow down, the atoms gain energy and vibrate faster. You should know that the faster the vibration of particles the hotter the temperature of the material is. So the energy from the battery, that is used to force the electrons to move, is transferred to the atoms, and we see this as the metal getting hotter. The resistance of a metal always leads to a heating effect when a current is passed through it. The size of the resistance will depend on the type of metal, and its dimensions. Note 1 The regular arrangement of atoms in metals is called the "lattice" or "crystal lattice". The electrons are not completely free from the nuclei so it is not quite correct to describe the electrons as "free electrons" or the atoms as "positive ions". However, in many books you will see metals described as "a sea of electrons moving randomly through a lattice of positive ions." In newer books and your GCSE specification you might find the atom parts described as "positive atomic kernels". Anyway, this whole arrangement is known as "metal bonding" and the attraction of the electrons to the positive atomic kernels produces the characteristic properties of metals. Note 2 The current in a metal is due to the drift of electrons. Without the atomic model many people get the idea that charges (electrons) flow out of one end of a battery, through the wire, and then back in to the other end of the battery.

Separating Political Conduct and Personal Morality in Niccolò Machiavel

Separating Political Conduct and Personal Morality in Niccolà ² Machiavelli's, The Prince Niccolà ² Machiavelli wrote, in his novel The Prince, that strong central political leadership was more important than anything else, including religion and moral behavior. Machiavelli, writing during a period of dramatic change known as the Italian Renaissance, displayed attitudes towards many issues, mostly political, which supported his belief that strong government was the most important element in society. These attitudes and ideas were very appropriate for the time because they stressed strong, centralized power, the only kind of leadership that seemed to be working throughout Europe, and which was the element Italy was lacking. Machiavelli understood that obtaining such a government could not be done without separating political conduct and personal morality, and suggested that the separation be made. The Prince, written to the Medici family over five hundred years ago contained many truths, so universal and accurate that they still influence politics today. To understand the writings of Niccolà ² Machiavelli, it is necessary to understand the world of Niccolà ² Machiavelli, Renaissance Italy. The region was not one nation as it is today, rather a collection of several city-states, which contained internal fighting between powerful families, fighting with each other. This era differed from the preceding middle ages in many respects, the pope's power was weakened, money controlled power instead of noble birth, and there was a revival of ancient Greek and Roman literature, architecture and art by a new breed of people, the humanists. These changes created the environment in which Machiavelli lived. He saw how the quarrelling was weakeni... ...he ideas in contained proved themselves to be very useful in the government of people. Niccolà ² Machiavelli was born into a world of drastic change, Renaissance Italy, that would cause his mind to conjure ideas about many political issues transferred into books that the entire world has profited from since. His ideas were incredibly relevant to his time, because they suggested harsh governments, the only kind of governments that seemed to be working. He proposed creating these harsh governments through a separation of personal morality and political behavior. His ideas were so relevant and so universal, that they still influence politics today. Niccolà ² Machiavelli proposed the creating of strong central government more powerful than anything else, including religion and morality. Works Cited Machiavelli, Niccolà ³. The Prince. New York: Penguin Classics, 1999.

Relationship Between Program Planning and Grant Proposals Essay

Program planning is evaluated in following a proposal. Program Planning processes will yield a component of the body proposal. Grand proposals are evaluated and based on business practices/good planning. A grant proposal address goals within the organizations ability to provide relevant services. Grant proposal s could be contract submitted to perform an activity for example better training and research. Program planning is the first step in planning to redevelop a particular program that wishes to be funded by the a grant for a government purpose. The grant proposal has a description of what the organization is planning on doing and the deliverables, budget and other important information. Program planning is a way of executing the program and planning on how to get the funds needed to deliver the training or extra things for the organization to make it better for not only the company but for their employees as well. When young adults/adults want to go to school they have to plan what program / career they would like to learn about and get a degree in. Then they have to plan on the budget needed to get to go to school. The last step is to fill out for a grant through the government to get the funds needed to go to school to achieve our goals in getting a better career after school.

Enron’s Questionable Accounting Practices

Enron used multiple strategic partners to help cover up their accounting schemes. Houston law firm Vinson ; Elkins’ top client was Enron. The law firm wrote opinion letters supporting the legality of the deals Enron was making even though they were illegal. Additionally, Arthur Andersen LLP was Enron’s auditor. More than 100 employees at Arthur Andersen were dedicated to Enron’s account. The firm was a major business partner of Enron and some Arthur Andersen executives accepted jobs with Enron. Some believe there was a conflict of interest.It is also believed Andersen was influenced to destroy auditing documents because of the large consulting fees Enron paid them. Also, Merrill Lynch, one of the largest investment banking firms, was also a contributor. They reportedly helped in a scheme of Enron’s to improperly record their earnings in 1999 through the sale of Nigerian Barges. Andrew Fastow, Enron’s Chief Financial Officer, is believed to be the ma stermind behind the partnerships used to hide the $1 billion debt that led to Enron’s bankruptcy.He defrauded Enron and its shareholders to make Enron look more profitable than it really was (â€Å"Castalar Articles†,  2005). Castalar Articles (2005) says, â€Å"People have described the organizational culture of Enron as being arrogant. Enron’s compensation plans seemed less concerned with generating profits for shareholders than with enriching officer wealth. Enron’s corporate culture reportedly encouraged flouting or even breaking the rules. Enron's focus shifted from working hard and being successful, to taking short cuts to stay successful.Former CEO Jeffrey Skilling is seen as the mastermind behind Enron’s fraudulent accounting. Skilling has been quoted as saying Enron could make â€Å"a kazillion dollars† in a new accounting scheme. He is also reported dumping 39 percent of his Enron stock before the company disclosed its financial troubles. † I think it is easy to say what we would have done in this situation. We would all like to believe we would have done the right thing and report the company and its CEO as well as the CFO. I know that I would have not stayed with a company I thought was acting unethically.If I had been hired to audit Enron, I would certainly not have swept things under the rug, destroyed documents or accepted bribes. I do not believe this behavior helps anyone in the end. If there would have been some honest reporting and accounting the company would have most likely been successful. However, due to greed and selfishness the company was driven into collapse. Source: Castalar articles. (2005). Retrieved from http://articles. castelarhost. com/enron_questionable_accounting_leads_to_collapse. htm

M1a3 livoria sandwiches, inc. Essay

This report examines strategic alternatives that would help owners of Livoria Sandwiches Inc. gain competitive advantage in a growing market, achieve its profitability target and maintain its strong reputation of having a high quality and unique product in the industry. This report provides an analysis of the company’s current situation, identify strategic issues and analyze strategic alternatives. These also provide recommendations as to courses of actions the brothers should adopt to reach their goal, and proposed implementation plan. CURRENT SITUATION Stakeholders Preferences: * Go franchising (Paul) * Enhance vegetarian menu (Sam) * Preserve quality and control (Sam) * Realize $1.1M net income by 2015 (both Paul and Sam) *Avoid using line of credit (both Paul and Sam) Constraints: * Cash * One supplier of all store requirements/ingredients * Bank requires $20,000 minimum cash balance at any given time * Number of hours work * Working space Environmental Scan : SWOT Analysis Exhibit 1 Current Financial Assessment – Lowest profit of .29% compared to industry wide due to $500,000 contingent liability booked in 2012. Removing this extraordinary item would result to 24% operating income which is higher than Dawkins industry benchmark – 52.93% highest Contribution margin than industry average – High growth % versus set by the industry – Available line of credit -Impressive performance among competitors whether franchising or non-franchising -Debt free Key Success Factors: * High-quality traditional custom-made sandwiches developed through generations *Loyal client base and recognition * Effective obsolescence plan * Zero Debt Key Risks: Losing market share and competitive advantage Limited experience how to compete and to grow the business Just one supplier to sustain store operation/production MAJOR ISSUES 1. Increase profitability 2. Growing market STRATEGIC ALTERNATIVES 1. Expanding without franchising 2. Open Franchise Agreement ANALYSIS OF STRATEGIC ALTERNATIVES I. EXPANDING WITHOUT FRANCHISING PROS CONS Develop product lines by introducing vegetable sandwiches (Appendix 4) shows an increase in cash inflow from 155% in 2013 to 319% in 2015 May cannibalized existing/old product lines which the company is being known for Attracts customers with other preferences and may compete broadly in the industry by branching out in new locations Requires additional training cost, space, business strategy and building customers recognition, hire professional help which may cause additional fund or used available line of credit Established and maintained more suppliers that would provide more options and huge discounts in large orders May affect existing quality standard of the custom-made sandwiches Discover more hidden opportunities from existing operations, by adding value to the product, and improve training the staff Financial Assessment if expansion without franchising: a.Total CM% increase from 2012 52.93% to 60.50% in 2015 (Appendix 3) b. Total profit show a positive increase from 18% in 2013 to 31% in 2015, far reaching the brothers’ preference of $1.1 M in 2015, Appendix 3 showed $1.4 M net profit c.Return on investment assuming initial cash balance net of the minimal requirement ($20,000) was use to introduce new line of menus showed a remarkable result of 21% ROI in 2013 to 249% return in 2015, Appendix 3 d.Cash budget projections with new line of products showed increase cash inflows from $556K (2013),$869K (2014) and tremendous increase of $2.3 M by the end of 2015 – Appendix 2 e. Appendix 4 showing Statement of Cash Flow present a positive economic growth, from $423K cash inflow generated in 2013 155% increase in cash to $1.9M in 2015. Calculating IRR for the next 3 years showed 478% return. II. OPEN FOR FRANCHISE AGREEMENT PROS CONS 1. opportunity to grow faster than would be the case of training employees create internal marketing strategy, sales and distribution 1. significant disadvantage is loss of control, though substantial restrictions may apply because of franchise agreement, franchise is still considered a 3 rd party who would seek to maximize return of investment at your expense 2. use of franchising fee/capital will expedite growth/network of the company than finding one for the business 2. part of your profit is use to utilized to promote your franchise/s 3. franchising motivates franchisee to excel and go beyond to succeed due to incentive scheme and growth is dependent upon the success of your business 3. substantial product knowledge and expertise has to be shared concerning your business although restrictions may apply but control over it is difficult to enforce and monitor 4. will increase purchasing power as franchising network grows and that eventually reduced cost to operate, gain profitability from small units 4. skills required to monitor, manage and support franchise/s are far different than handling your own employees 5. may thrive from downturn like recession compared to non-franchise business 5. standard sets in doing franchise may alter your consumer taste. RECOMMENDATION Both alternatives if done in a well thought out plan may manage company’s growth strategically. Since it can be done drastically and uncontrolled way major casualties of which could be customer dissatisfaction and will adversely affect cash flow. IMPLEMENTATION PLAN So it is necessary therefore to manage the growth process so we can obtain benefits in a medium and long term. The following may be executed: 1.Plan your expansion, not just by reacting to the circumstances but creating a solid plan, Ansoff Matrix (Exh 2) can be a helpful tool in creating this roadmap. 2.Don’t over expand, which is one of the biggest danger in growth phase. A 3 to 5 year projections plan capacity is doable and allow additional 10% capacity over and above that for challenging times. 3.Get professional financial advice because expansion entails monetary implications, with expert help we can reduce the risk and address issues right away. 4.Shop around, look for the target-location where marketing the product may established the same acceptance by the customers. 5.Develop a project management for the expansion in a formal way to uncover other possibilities 6. Keep customers informed about expansion plan and what to expect, when disruption may take up and how will the company will deal with it. 7.Announce the completion of the expansion. Inform target customers about the increase capacity, new menu and additional services to be offered. A good marketing device will help the company introduce this expansion in a high note.

Accounting Analysis Essay

Michael Burton has recently been hired as the CEO of Tesca Works, Inc. Previously he had been the marketing manager for a large manufacturing company and had established a reputation for identifying new consumer trends. Tesca Works Inc. is a California-based generator manufacturing company. The company is well known for manufacturing large, heavy-duty generators at a reasonable cost. One of its greatest achievements is that its generators can be easily modified or customized for different applications. Also, Tesca Works currently builds commercial appliances. The company is considering an expansion of its current product line to include refrigerator and maybe, sometime in the future, consumer appliances. Mr. Burton feels that due to high energy prices, consumers will be more willing to consider purchasing new efficient appliances. See more: Beowulf essay essay Tesca Works Inc. is a California-based generator manufacturing company. The company is well known for its innovation and ability to produce high quality products at a reasonable cost. One of its greatest achievements is that its manufacturing processes are adaptable to other durable goods. Also, Tesca Works currently builds commercial appliances. Profile of Tesca Works Tesca Works, Inc. was established by the Smith brothers in 1880 as the Logging Saw Company. The firm started manufacturing large steam saws to serve the logging industry which processed lumber. Their customers were construction companies that provided housing for the population increase in California. The Smith brothers quickly realized that the times were changing. They started looking for the technologies that would keep them at the forefront of their field of business. In 1915, the Smith brothers decided that they needed to make generators as replacements for the saws. They realized that the logging industry was not viable anymore and that generators were starting to serve the same purpose. The company started making generators in the early 1940’s. Tesca Works then opted to produce commercial appliances. It was an easy decision to make since the commercial appliances would use common parts with the company’s generators and the customers were local hospitals, schools, and governments. Starting in the 1950’s the commercial appliances business accounted for about 50% of Tesca Works’ revenues. The Refrigerator Mr. Burton arranged a meeting with the firm’s top management and the chief design and the chief manufacturing engineers to propose a new product. Mr. Burton presented an argument that more individuals in the United State and Canada would be willing to purchase newer appliances because people are becoming more environmentally conscious. The new appliances are more efficient and environmentally friendly. Also, the recent increase in electricity costs seems to be long lasting. This is an opportunity to get people hooked on environmentally friendly appliances as he put it. The proposal under consideration is for the introduction of a new, energy star refrigerator. To distinguish Tesca Works from other manufacturers, the proposal included details about the convenience, large shelves in the doors, high volume water and ice dispensers, efficiency, and quietness of operation that need to be developed. Mr. Phillips and Mr. Lopez, the two engineers, enthusiastically and quickly pointed out that the needed technology could be based on the company’s generators. The framework currently used for building the generators can be modified to work for appliances at a low cost. The marketing vice president, Mr. Chen, pointed out that the marketing analysis could be done quickly and at a reasonable cost. At this point, Mr. Burton charged the participants in the meeting to produce a financial plan for the development and production of the refrigerator. Consumer Appliances Most people purchase appliances and keep them for a very long time or until they stop working. Some get them when they purchase a home and do not think about them. Recently, most power companies started educating people about the efficiency of new appliances and began offering rebates on the most efficient consumer models. These approaches increased public interest. This renewed the public’s interest in low power-consuming appliances. The Decision Three weeks later, the vice presidents presented the sales and cost forecasts shown in the exhibits. The information presented contains the cost of production, financing information, and warranty cost estimates. In addition, there were two options for the compressor in the refrigerators. The MC – 004 is more expensive to install, but has a lower warranty cost. The TS – L12 is cheaper to install, but has a higher warranty cost. Which compressor should be used?

Introduction to Microeconomics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Introduction to Microeconomics - Essay Example Although, the shift in demand can raise the quantity of food at any given prices, due to the present level of food supply, food prices would have to rise to let this ever-increasing food demand ‘make-up’ with the given supply-level. This making-up of food demand with supply describes upward (leftward) movement along the shifted (new ­) demand curve, raising the equilibrium food prices. Thus, equilibrium food quantity and prices are expected to rise, however, due to the upward movement along new demand curve, the increase in price would keep this increased equilibrium quantity lesser than the shift in demand. But what’s worsening the scenario is leftward shift in food supply which main determinants are unfavorable, volatile weather consequences including droughts, freezes, and floods in the main food producing and exporting countries: China, Russia, Australia, and Mexico. These unpleasant weather conditions have badly affected the crops and other productive resou rces, alarming the food production capacity in these countries. Other harmful environmental changes i.e. global warming can further shift the food supply leftward.

Changes in Roles of African Women Triggered by Colonial Rule Essay

Changes in Roles of African Women Triggered by Colonial Rule - Essay Example The period of colonization initiated discomfort and trust issues between the British and Agikuyu(Finke, par 2). Even though the regions of Kenya were unknown to the British, they immediately chose regions of Kenya that had contents of resources that were of great value to the economy. By this, the British ensured that there would be less cost in running administrative affairs of a colony. The Agikuyutribe was spread in central Kenya, and the area was densely fertile. The new colonists took benefit of the fertile land by farming on a large basis. They farmed extensively because there were scarce resources (Finke, par 7). Due to this act of the colonists, the Agikuyu had to leave some of their lands. The domestic and other roles of women such as cooking, bearing children, mat weaving, transportation of goods and going to the marketplace had changed due to the effect of the colonists. The locals had lost their lands due to compulsion from the colonists. These events changed the perspect ive of the women in several ways (Turner, par. 16).Introduction of Christianity:The first and foremost that the colonists brought about in women were change in beliefs. The locals had believed in traditional beliefs but as per changer, they converted to Christianity. This change of faith was spread through the colonies (Afrikan Eye, par. 8). Another change in the Kikuyu women was a change of roles. The women previously were labors but after the colonial rule they lost control of their products and were paid for their work.

Secure Computer System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Secure Computer System - Essay Example Firewalls are the most common security measures for computer networks. Certain mechanisms are put in place in order to provide adequate security to protect resources on the trusted network against potential access by attackers. There are numerous mechanisms in network security, one of which is the DMZ or Demilitarised Zone. DMZ is a network which is semi-protected and is common to medium scale to large scale enterprise (Pickering, 2009). DMZ has two (2) disadvantages: First, the firewall can be created to pass trusted'' services within the application gateway(s), thus, subverting the policy. The trusted'' services which get passed all around the application gateway typically end up being in contact with the site systems. Another disadvantage is placed on the routers for the provision of security. Packet filtering routers seemed complex to configure and errors could disclose the whole site to security holes (Wack, 2009). Added by Pickering (2003), the application proxy firewalls usually require frequent software updating to run the latest versions of the proxy code. This is important particularly when new exploits are detected, needs to be blocked, and in the event when problems emerge interactions between the proxy as well as widely deployed applications. Meaning, when the proxy is found actually breaking. 3. Using a Microsoft XP or 2000 system, open Internet Explorer. Open Internet Options under the Tools menu. Examine the contents of the Security and Privacy tabs. How can these tabs be configured to provide: a) content filtering, and b) protection from unwanted items like cookies Some actions that Microsoft XP or 2000 system allow a user to do in order to configure content, filtering, and protection from unwanted items like cookies are: 1. To personalize Windows XP settings for each user; and also 2. To assign user to create accounts and passwords in the computer to control the users who can access on the system. In other words, users who are not the "administrators" will have no access, unable to change critical system files or delete it. The system may also be upgraded by logging off from a regular user account, then, logging back in as

Parpgraising paragragh about phosphene and alkynyl legand Essay

Parpgraising paragragh about phosphene and alkynyl legand - Essay Example Large variety of phosphines are thus possible, while different widely available verities include 1,1’ (BINAP) and 2,2’-bis (diphenylphosphino). In such chiral systems, steric constraints come up, that can be resolved into diastereomers. While discussing reactivity of complexes belonging to phosphine ligands, two properties of these ligands are considered important. These properties relate to their steric bulk and their accepting ability, also called electron donating ability. (d-Metal OGANOMETALLIC CHEMISTRY) Like alkyl groups, alkynyl, alkenyl and aryl groups can bond to a metal form through a single carbon atom. For this property, these groups are described as â€Å"monohapto’. However, there is a possibility of each of these three groups accepting â€Å"pai† electron density into anti-bonding orbitals, although the same has not been observed, largely, so far. This can be ratified by an example, which shows little change in the stretching frequency of the triple bond in alkynyl complexes, as they attach to a metal; although â€Å"n-1 –alkynyl group† might be considered analogous to a CO group. As per d-metal organometallic chemistry noting, the displacement of halide with a lithium reagent at a metal center can make way for introduction of alkynyl groups into organometallic complexes. While looking at the donor-pair scheme of electron counting, alkynyl ligands are considered to be two-electron donors with a single negative charge. (alkenyl, alkynyl and aryl