College Admission Essay Format

College Admission Essay Format Unlike other sites, we are also able to offer complete essay development through our proprietary Biographâ„¢ process. This means that we can help you craft an essay based upon your own unique experiences and aspirations. Avoid the use of excessive humour and excuses as to why you have low grades. The point of the essay is to highlight your strengths and minimize the weaknesses. Discover schools with the programs and courses you’re interested in, and start learning today. They wade through long lists of candidates, state by state, region by region. The best applications and the weakest don’t come to committee. It’s the gigantic stack in the middle that warrants discussion. We consulted these works while writing this handout. This is not a comprehensive list of resources on the handout’s topic, and we encourage you to do your own research to find the latest publications on this topic. Sevara Sobhani ’20 cherishes how the Bahá’í Faith and the Southwestern community are devoted to inclusivity and independent thinking. Chemistry major and cellist Sydney Seavey ’20 shares how she has found harmony in music and the path toward medical school. Current and alumni studentâ€"athletes share how a student organization facilitates dialogue about racial oppression. SU is again recognized as one of the “the best and most interesting” four-year colleges and universities. Close your eyes and imagine what drives you, motivates you, excites you, inspires you to pursue great things . Once you have your list and a few sentences written, it should be a bit easier to narrow your topic to just one or two things at most. WORD PACKAGES Some phrases â€" free gift, personal beliefs, final outcome, very unique â€" come in a package we don’t bother to unpack. Please do not use this list as a model for the format of your own reference list, as it may not match the citation style you are using. For guidance on formatting citations, please see the UNC Libraries citation tutorial. For information on other aspects of the application process, you can consult the resources at University Career Services. Assess your credentials and your likelihood of getting into the program before you choose to take a risk. If you have little chance of getting in, try something daring. If you are almost certainly guaranteed a spot, you have more flexibility. In any case, make sure that you answer the essay question in some identifiable way. Just use an honest voice and represent yourself as naturally as possible. This might include a hobby, a genre of music, an important person in your life, a pivotal memory or experience, a bookâ€"anything meaningful that you consider part of your identity or that defines you. Start by making a list of these things and creating a word web of other relevant or secondary aspects of this one idea, person, object, or experience. Write some brief sentences about exactly why it is important to you. When did you become interested in the field and why? What path in that career interests you right now? If you're starting to feel frustrated or overwhelmed by your essay, take a break and do something else. A short walk around your neighborhood can help clear your mind and help you brainstorm new ideas for your composition. If you're still feeling overwhelmed, do something completely unrelated to your essay and forget about it completely for a while. It may help to think of the essay as a sort of face-to-face interview, only the interviewer isn’t actually present. Your goals may changeâ€"show that such a change won’t devastate you. Think about why you and you particularly want to enter that field. What are the benefits and what are the shortcomings?

Jean Piaget and the Four Major Stages of Cognitive Theory...

JEAN PIAGET and THE FOUR MAJOR STAGES OF COGNITIVE THEORY The patriarch of cognitive theory was Jean Piaget(1896-1980). Piaget was a biologist, who became interested in human thinking while working to evaluate the results of child intelligence tests. As Piaget worked he noted the correlation between the childs age and the type of error they made. Intrigued by the discovery that certain errors occurred predictably at certain age, he began to focus his time and energy to the further investigation of his findings. Starting with his children and moving on to other students, Piaget developed what is known as the Cognitive theory, a behaviorism theory which emphasizes the structure and development of thought†¦show more content†¦For example, pretending a broom is a horse or an orange is a ball. This is also the stage where role playing first takes place, children begin to believe they are mommy daddy or even doctor. The Preoperational stage lasts from age two up until age six. The third stage of the Cognitive development theory is known as Concrete operational. The concrete operational stage begins around age seven and continues until approximately age eleven. During this time, children gain a better understanding of mental operations. Children begin thinking logically about concrete events, but have difficulty understanding abstract or hypothetical concepts. One of the most important developments in this stage is an understanding of reversibility. An example of this is being able to reverse the order of relationships between mental categories. For example, a child might be able to understand that the dog is a husky, that a Husky is a dog, and that a dog is an animal. The final stage of Piaget’s Cognitive theory is the Formal operational stage. The formal operational stage begins at age twelve and lasts throughout the individuals’ life. During this time, people develop the ability to think about abstract concepts. More lively learning such as logical thought, deductive reasoning, and systematic planning also begin to show during this stage. Piaget believed that deductive logic becomes important during the formalShow MoreRelatedJean Piaget s Theories Of Cognitive Development1360 Words   |  6 Pages Jean Piaget was a Swiss psychologist. He worked in the fields of Developmental Psychology and Epistemology. He’s known for his works and theories in the field of child development. His theories of cognitive development and epistemological views are called, â€Å"genetic epistemology†. Piaget placed the education of children as most important. His works and theories still play a huge role and influence the study of child psychology today. Jean Piaget was born on August 9, 1896 in Neuchatel, SwitzerlandRead MoreJean Piaget s Cognitive Theory Essay1750 Words   |  7 Pages Jean Piaget is a well-renowned twentieth century scholar responsible for the development of the Cognitive Theory, focusing on how people think over time, which, in turn, reflects in how how attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors are shaped. Jean Piaget observed and divided the Cognitive Theory into four periods of cognitive development, which occur in the following order: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational. Of the four stages, each has it’s own characteristicsRead MoreJean Piaget s Theory And Theory1673 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is a theory? A theory is an organized set of ideas that is designed to explain development. These are essential for developing predictions about behaviors and predictions result in research that helps to support or clarify the theory. The theorist I am choosing to talk about is Jean Piaget who discovered the cognitive development theory and who broke it down into different stages. The different stages are the sen sorimotor stage, the preoperational stage, the concrete operational thoughtRead MoreJean Piaget s Theory Of Knowing921 Words   |  4 PagesJean Piaget was a developmental psychologist and philosopher from Switzerland. He is known for his epistemological studies with children. He was the first to make a systematic study of cognitive development. Piaget was also the Director of the International Bureau of Education. He was â€Å"the great pioneer of the constructivist theory of knowing.† He was known as the second best psychologist after Skinner by the end of the 20th century. Throughout his career, Jean Piaget declared that â€Å"only educationRead MoreJean Piaget: Biography and Theory of Cognitive Development1601 Words   |  6 PagesPiagets Theory of Cognitive Development: Jean Piagets theory of cognitive development is a description of the four distinct stages of development of cognition in children. The theory was developed at a time when Piaget was employed at the Binet Institute in the 1920s in which his main responsibilities were to develop the French versions of questions on the English intelligence tests. During this period, Piaget became increasingly concerned or interested with the reasons children gave for theirRead MoreBrittany Portwood. Educ 2130. Dalton State College. March1197 Words   |  5 PagesPsychology is full of theories that explain why we think the way we think. Of those theories, is the popular Piaget’s theory of cognitive development. Jean Piaget introduced a variety of ideas and concepts to the world of psychology describing logical thinking in children and adolescents. To fully comprehend just how valuable his theories are today, it is important to explore the life of Jean Piaget, his educational background, and the stages of cognitive development and how the stages impact the classroomRead MoreJean Piaget s Theory Of Children1465 Words   |  6 Pageseveryday basis with your child will help them with their cognitive thinking. Jean PiagetÅ› developmental theory is children develop in 4 different stages from the ages birth to adulthood. Jean Piaget was born in Switzerland and was the oldest child. He was born on August 9th, 1896 and died on September 16th, 1980. Jean Piaget was a swiss psychologist who started off by becoming a well known malacologist after he finished high school. Piaget left Switzerland and moved to France because he had an interestRead MorePiaget vs. Vygotsky1120 Words   |  5 PagesThe theory of cognitive development is defined as the development of the ability to think and reason. There are many theorists who have studied cognitive theories and the most famous is Jean Piaget. Cognitive development covers the physical and emotional stages of a child. The basic premise for cognitive development is to show the different stages of the development of a child so you can understand where the child might be in their development. Understanding cognitive development will betterRead MoreJean Piaget: Theory of Cognitive Development Essay1652 Words   |  7 Pagesimportant contributions to the school of psychology. Jean Piaget was one who made a contribution with his theories on the cognitive development stages. Cognitive development is the process of acquiring intelligence and increasingly advanced thought and problem-solving ability from infancy to adulthood. Piaget states that the mind of a child develops through set stages to adulthood (Famous Biographies TV Shows - Biography.com). The theory of cognitive development has made a significant impact throughoutRead MorePiagets Theory of Cognitive Development Essays1715 Words   |  7 PagesJean Piaget (1896-1980) was a Swiss psychologist who had a lifelong interest in how individuals, especially children, use cognitive development to adapt to the world around them. Piaget published his first paper by the age of 10, completed his bachelor’s degre e by the age of 18, and at the age of 22 received his PhD from the University of Neuchatel. Piaget spent many years of his life researching the developmental and cognitive knowledge of children. The Theory of Cognitive Development places

Personal Narrative My Grandfather s Biography Essay

Quintin T. Richardson 101 English 08/22/16-09/11/2016 My Grandfather’s Biography As I stand here clearing out brush and leaves from my grandpa’s patio he built, he walks out and talks about his back hurting or his eyesight going and then immediately starts laughing to himself. I chuckle along with him, and then he says to me â€Å"You know I used to ask myself why my grandfather was always such an ornery old man?† Where I expected an old phrase or line from a book he instead says â€Å"As I became older I realised something, it’s fun.† I laughed again thinking, how did I not see that coming? Story teller, police officer, biker, soldier, engineer, rebuilder. These are all titles that can fit my grandfather. He is a stubborn old man who has a set moral code and will always try to find humor in life, specifically in being an orary old man, and will never show weakness if he can help it. This man is a pillar of: honor, freedom, and ingenuity. He is proof that being in a bad situation growing up does not mean you will end up that way, from nothing he built a home, family, and a respectable career through his hard work and ambition. This all starts in Los Angeles where my grandfather was born, his parents Dorothea Faith Moore and Albert Edward Thomas. Albert was originally from West Virginia and was as described by my grandfather as being a moonshiner and was generally mean. Dorothea was a small woman in height and was beautiful never looking as old as she was. The two were together forShow MoreRelatedEmpathy Is The True Catalyst For Understanding1419 Words   |  6 Pagesthe true catalyst for understanding. For the past several years, my Spanish department has been working toward rewriting our curriculum to include comprehensible input and storytelling about complex issues like immigration, social injustice and identity. While I have always told stories about myself, I ve realized that compelling and interesting stories about real and even fictional people impact my students exponentially. When my students hear Gaby Moreno singing about an Ave que Emigra, they feelRead MorePlace8569 Words   |  35 Pagesreme mber my two widowed aunts tidying up the kitchen. They lived in the province with their brother, my widowed grandfather. When we visited them, we ate in their simple kitchen built with bamboo floors. They came wearing traditional Filipino dresses. They looked so beautiful for me (in their old age and single blessedness), and the kitchen smelled like fresh flowers. The other kitchen I can remember is the kitchen of my grandmother in a far remote place, along the Pacific Ocean. My grandmother s kitchenRead MoreMy Place - Sally Morgan(study notes) Australian Ab. Lit.3644 Words   |  15 Pagesand the life stories of her uncle, Arthur Corunna, her mother, Gladys Corunna, and her grandmother, Daisy Corunna, stories which were published as My Place in 1987. The book was reprinted three times that year and the mass paperback edition four times in 1988 and 1989. Morgan has also published numerous childrens stories, an illustrated version of My Place, another novel, Wanamurraganya: The Story of Jack McPhee and a number of plays. Despite her success, Morgan has become disillusioned with writingRead MoreReview Of Absalom, Absalom ! By William Faulkner1978 Words   |  8 Pagesdangerous. The final representation is that of Shrive who has no direct relation to the history and is essentially the external observer. In this essay, I will be studying the c haracter that is Sutpen in regards to his representation of the south and state my understanding of how ancestral history should be handled by presenting and dismissing all the destructive ways of interacting with history William Faulkner eliminates. I gather that Faulkner would be lenient towards the understanding that tribulationsRead MoreAnalysis Of 41 : A Portrait Of My Father2672 Words   |  11 Pagesformer President George W. Bush had again picked up the pen to craft a very different sort of portrait than the ones he had been producing. This masterful biographical work on President George Herbert Walker Bush, fittingly titled 41: A Portrait of My Father, comes across as a genuine labor of love from a son for his father and one former Leader of the Free World to another. Indeed, through his crisp and candid prose, Bush the Younger truly does achieve his expressed purpose of writing â€Å"a love storyRead More The Death of the ‘Authorlessness Theory’? Essay6470 Words   |  26 Pageshistory through the varieties of needlework women have traditionally used† (15). Upon the completion of The Dinner Party, she writes, â€Å"When I began working on The Dinner Party, I had no idea that it would take five years and so many people to realize my conception† (19). Throughout her companion text, interviews with artists who worked on the project (along with Chicago’s written text) reinforce her as the author of The Dinner Party. Since Judy Chicago is the author of The Dinner PartyRead MoreExamples of Book Review9130 Words   |  37 Pageslisted with most books sold on the Net and on the writer’s Web sites. A good sample book review would pertain to writing your personal feelings about a book that you’ve read. Writing a book review is not to be confused with writing a summary of a book. Writing a summary is a totally different matter and that will be covered eventually in my Articles section. In my opinion, no real format exists for writing book reviews. Writing help may not be needed. An example of book review variations isRead MoreEudora Welty a Worn Path12166 Words   |  49 Pagesstorage retrieval systems without the written permission of the publisher. For complete copyright information on these eNotes please visit: http://www.enotes.com/worn−path/copyright Table of Contents 1. A Worn Path: Introduction 2. Eudora Welty Biography 3. Summary 4. Characters 5. Themes 6. Style 7. Historical Context 8. Critical Overview 9. Essays and Criticism 10. Compare and Contrast 11. Topics for Further Study 12. Media Adaptations 13. What Do I Read Next? 14. Bibliography and Further ReadingRead MoreEudora Welty a Worn Path12173 Words   |  49 Pagesstorage retrieval systems without the written permission of the publisher. For complete copyright information on these eNotes please visit: http://www.enotes.com/worn−path/copyright Table of Contents 1. A Worn Path: Introduction 2. Eudora Welty Biography 3. Summary 4. Characters 5. Themes 6. Style 7. Historical Context 8. Critical Overview 9. Essays and Criticism 10. Compare and Contrast 11. Topics for Further Study 12. Media Adaptations 13. What Do I Read Next? 14. Bibliography and Further ReadingRead MoreCleanth Brookss Essay Irony as a Principle of Structure9125 Words   |  37 Pagesit) that a greater knowledge of Hegel’s writings is utterly indispensable. Of course we will no longer expect to discover his achievement in his total system. The system as we have it belongs to the past. Even this statement concedes too much for, in my view, a really incisive critic would have to conclude that he had to deal, not with an authentically organic and coherent system, but with a number of overlapping systems. The contradictions in method between the Phenomenology and the system itself

Reflecting on Victimization the Crime - 2075 Words

Victimization is an outcome of crime. Victims of crime confront issues of social, economic, political and psychological strain. This paper is an examination of victims and these identified strains greater extent. Through a thorough analysis one will be informed in regards to the rates of victimization and whom is victimized, the rights of victims, the patterns of reporting crimes to police and various services available to victims of crime and justice to both victims and offenders and efforts to prevent recidivism. According to Linden (2012), the rates of victimization have increased from 1999-2009. In this time period there has been increases in sexual assault, physical assault and robbery, in addition to slight increases in specific property crimes such as theft and vandalism (Linden, 2012). According to a Statistics Canada Survey (2004) approximately 40% of people had been victimized within the last 12 months and some had been victimized more than once (Linden, 2012). Ultimately, criminal activities have been increasing over the years. Moreover, victimization appears to be concentrated to certain families, areas and individuals. Specifically, 12-25 years old males that travel out of their residence and are unmarried, seem to be the most victimized in par with Aboriginal Canadians (Linden, 2012). Therefore, the increased likelihood of victimization is gender, age and race discriminant. Many assumptions can be drawn as to why the aforementioned identified crimes areShow MoreRelatedThe Role Of Criminology And The Criminal Justice System1565 Words   |  7 Pagesis concerned. Violation of these set rules is a crime and it is punishable as stipulated in most state constitutions across the world. Through criminal justice systems, people’s conducts are judged according to guiding laws and principles and those found guilty are punished for their crimes. Criminological enterprise In the above context, criminology therefore refers to the scientific approach to studying criminal behavior. Apparently, every crime committed is usually motivated by different factorsRead MoreLife Of A Gang : Youth853 Words   |  4 Pageshaving them steal for the gang, buy and sell drugs, carry weapons and commit other crimes in hopes to evade police attention. (Grabianowski, 2015). Crime, violence, drugs, tattoos, signing, culture and slang are all part of life within a gang. Violence Research states that although the common belief is that gang membership provides protection to its members, members of gangs are more likely to face victimization due to their involvement in gangs (Goldman et al., 2014). On the contrary this canRead MoreThe Crime Of Juvenile Offenders1256 Words   |  6 PagesIn researching this material, there appears to be substantial evidence that continues to rise (and extremely much higher rates in the 2000’s) that portions of juvenile offenders commit most of the chronic, and violent, crimes of juvenile offenders. In a study conducted by Philadelphia birth cohort (Figlio, Wolfgang, Sellin, 1972) found that these â€Å"chronic offenders† (including having five or more police contact activities) in whole, constituted six percent of the cohort, and a rising figure of 18Read MoreThe Survival Of The Fittest1405 Words   |  6 Pagesage. Those in junior high and high school feel anger and frustration, but students in elementary schoo l feel sad. Students in elementary school do not have urge to prove themselves to anyone while older students do. Society has focused on the victimization in grades K-12 and overlook cyberbullying in higher education. There are state laws that only address cyberbullying in the K-12 environment. Unless actions against adults in higher education involve sexual images or exposure, they do not receiveRead MoreThe Social Context Of Academia1459 Words   |  6 Pages and location in an urban/rural environment is also crucial in predicting the prevalence of campus rape. (Stotzer and MacCartney, 2016) In explaining these factors, Stotzer and McCartney used the theory by Cohen and Felson who proposed that for a crime to take place three elements need to function together: â€Å"a motivated offender, an available victim, and a lack of capable guardian†(Stotzer and MacCartney, 2016) Using these three elements, Stotzer and MacCartney proposed the patterns of sexual assaultRead MoreThe Psychology Of Public Support For Punishing Rule Essay1400 Words   |  6 Pagesof rule breaking behavior Why do people want to punish rule breakers? 1. The sources of support for the punishment of rule-breaking behavior 2. The nature of public support for punishing those who break social rules 3 basic sources of support 1. Crime-related concerns 2. Concerns about social conditions 3. Concerns about social values 2 views of the nature of public support 1. The instrumental judgement that the world is dangerous 2. The relational judgement that the world lacks social cohesionRead MoreUnderage College Students And Binge Drinking Essay1680 Words   |  7 Pagesproblem-oriented policing philosophy, the widely utilized SARA Model (Scanning, Analysis, Response, Assessment) suggests that an ongoing, comprehensive, innovative, and tailored approach is first implemented to tackle the underlying causes of a significant crime problem in a community. The Scanning stage itself provides several important measures to exert before continuing: identify the recurring problem and consequences concerning the immediate community, prioritizing and acknowledging them, defining broadRead MoreReflection On Classroom Observation1423 Words   |  6 Pagesblissful facial expressions. In addition, knowing how comfortable this place is can ultimately produce a sense of trust and togetherness between the inside students and outside students. Emotional Assessment One emotional aspect of this class is reflecting our opinions based off of the Alligator river story. This story is about a woman named Abigail, who is desperate and in love. She desires to obtain the chance to be reunited with her lover, Gregory. The only thing that separates the two is an alligatorRead MorePublic Perceptions Of Police Abuse1559 Words   |  7 Pagesour promises, it would mean actually the effectiveness of us will be judged by how we deal with the requests of the community†¦ if they trust us more, they re more likely to give us good information, which would lead to being able to find out if a crime has taken place, and again, it would just help them to know that we are there for them† (This conception of trust highlights its role as a result of police-citizen interaction and was provided by a Community Policing Police Officer in Dandi District)Read MoreEssay on Who is Responsible for Preventing Bullying in Schools?1225 Words   |  5 Pagesof age and their foremost intention is to cause harm to others and their property. However, in Olweus’s definition he refers to bullying as â€Å"negative behavior† (Rigby 29). Students may experience bullying in various situations. Most adults when reflecting on their school days, may evoke imagery of the taller than average, out of form classmate, chuckling along the hallway carelessly. Like an alligator ready to pounce on his prey, he seeks students that appear smaller and weaker to tease and forcefully

Midterm Sample free essay sample

The experience curve refers to the a. learning by doing technique. b. companys overall experience in a particular industry. c. systematic lowering of the cost structure and unit cost reductions. d. diseconomies of scale caused by inexperienced workers. e. increases in unit costs experienced over time. 4. Most embryonic industries arise from a. a technological breakthrough. b. serendipity. c. patents. d. government research. e. university research and development programs. 5. In general, different markets a. develop at similar rates. b. evelop at different rates. c. develop at lower than anticipated rates. d. develop at higher than anticipated rates. e. none of these choices. 6. Which of the following factors tends to accelerate customer demand for a product? a. The products relative advantage b. The products compatibility c. The simplicity of the products use d. The degree to which a product can be experimented with e. All of these choices ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ 2 Name: ___________ _____________ ____ 7. We will write a custom essay sample on Midterm Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The razor-and-blade strategy was pioneered by a. Procter Gamble. . Sony. c. Toyota. d. Ford. e. Gillette. 8. A localization strategy is based on which of the following ideas? a. There is a convergence in the tastes of consumers in different nations of the world. b. There are substantial economies of scale to be realized from centralizing global production. c. Consumer tastes and preferences differ among national markets. d. There are cost advantages associated with manufacturing a standard product for global consumption. e. Competitive strategy should be centralized at the world head office. . Disadvantages of a global strategy include a. lack of local responsiveness. b. inability to engage in global strategic coordination. c. failure to exploit experience curve effects. d. lack of control over quality. e. inability to realize location economies. ID: A ____ ____ ____ 10. A company pursuing a strategy of vertical integration may expand its operations a. backward into an industry that produces inputs for the companys products. b. forward into an industry that uses, distributes, or sells the companys products. c. aterally into an industry that competes with the companys products. d. A and B. e. A and C. 2 ID: A BUS 478 Midterm Sample Questions Answer Section MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: E B C A B E E C A D PTS: PTS: PTS: PTS: PTS: PTS: PTS: PTS: PTS: PTS: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: REF: p. 60 p. 60 p. 113 p. 183 p. 188 p. 189-190 p. 222 p. 263 p. 266 p. 295 OBJ: OBJ: OBJ: OBJ: OBJ: OBJ: OBJ: OBJ: OBJ: OBJ: 2. 3 2. 3 4. 1 6. 3 6. 3 6. 3 7. 2 8. 3 8. 4 9. 3 | 9. 4 | 9. 5 1

Process of internationalization of Japanese manufacturing company Essay Example

Process of internationalization of Japanese manufacturing company Paper This study was written to reexamine the procedure of internationalisation of one Nipponese fabricating company in Singapore. Impacts from fiscal crisis in twelvemonth 2008 forced the group companies to exert cost-cutting steps in their planetary operations, and localisation is the lone manner to salvage costs and to maximise the use of local expertness and reactivity to run into planetary competition. The reappraisal focuses on several front-end facets of international HRM activities during the procedure of internationalisation. Literature reappraisal on the subjects of strategic IHRM, staffing systems, cultural differences and expatriate choices were studied and compared with the current organisation construction and its HR direction attacks and patterns. Issues and jobs arises from expatriate assignments were reviewed for future development. Comprehensive rating activities and countries of betterment were recommended for the company to jump frontward. 1. Strategic Human Resources Management in International Context We will write a custom essay sample on Process of internationalization of Japanese manufacturing company specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Process of internationalization of Japanese manufacturing company specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Process of internationalization of Japanese manufacturing company specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Strategy Human Resources Management ( SHRM ) is a procedure that allowed a company to convey its nucleus resources together for strategic planning, for illustration nucleus competence, nucleus procedures, cultural, construction and human resource to aline with the company scheme to accomplish its end and aims, see figure 1. Figure: 1 In the context of international field where the house operation involves in assorted states and using different national classs of work forces, the SHRM will look into broader position, for illustration in the country of six identified human resource activities in domestic context internationalisation [ Dowling P.J 2008 ] . Some of the extra international HRM s activities implemented by the HR section when Mastec progressed into internationalisation are given in Table 1. The nomenclature of employee class are such as, I ) PCN: employees born and unrecorded in parent ( place ) state ( headquarter ) , two ) HCD: employees born and raised in the host state ( where the subordinate operate, and three ) TCN: employees born in a state other than the host and parent state, were introduced into the company human resource system. The execution of the strategic IHRM depends on the phase of the company at during the procedure of internationalisation. Adler and Ghadar s theoretical account ( 1990 ) based on Vernon s life-cycle theory distinguishes three stages in the international merchandise life-cycle [ H. Scullion, 2005 ] . The first stage ( high-tech ) focuses on merchandises, research and development that stressing on proficient competence and function of functional country. The 2nd stage ( growing and internationalisation ) concentrates on concern growing and market incursion in local and foreign state. The 3rd stage ( adulthood ) put force per unit area on the lower monetary value and cost-control steps due to planetary competition. In the modern engineering universe, merchandise life-cycle has been shortened to 3~5 old ages, which allowed Adler and Ghader to propose a 4th stage. The 4th stage accent that a house must prosecute distinction and planetary integrating in order to accomplish cost-contro l steps. This is the chief ground for headquarter in Japan to reorganise the concern construction in Southeast Asia. The parent company has seen the adulthood of the market in Southeast which triggered their determination to implement cost-control steps. However, item examines at each of the subordinate shown that there are mixture of stages which the subordinates are sing. For illustration, Vietnam and India are in the first stage which focuses on merchandises and developing proficient competence. Human Resource Activities International Human Resource Activities Human resource planning administrative activities in foreign subordinate, cross-border hazards direction, political hazard, terrorist act and public assistance Staffing Staffing attack in subordinates in Vietnam, India, Thailand and Malaysia. Recruitment of HCNs for host-country operation, etc. Training and Development Cross-cultural preparation, linguistic communication interlingual rendition, pre-departure preparation Performance direction Evaluation of expatriate public presentation, abroad assignment ROI rating and staffs rating for foreign subordinate Compensation and Benefits Tax equalisation, abroad lodging and poster allowances, return air ticket benefits, health-care, etc. Industrial Relationship different revenue enhancement jurisprudence, conformities with host authorities policy, and conformities with general acceptable pattern of making concern. Table: 1 The other attack to strategic IHRM execution was contributed by the two logic of Evans and Lorange which suggested product-market logic and social-culture logic [ Evans A ; Lorange, 1989 ] . Both raise a inquiry how a house operates in a different merchandise markets and diverse social-culture environment, which efficaciously set up human resource policies. Product-market logic implied that assorted stages of green goods life-cycle demand different focal points of director which dictates the HR activities to concentrate on nucleus competence, entrepreneurial accomplishments and proficient know-how. Social-culture logic suggested that for a house to run in assorted counties, using people from difference social-culture backgrounds influences HR activities into supplying preparation and instruction of cultural difference. Concentrating on promoting unfastened communicating, an open-minded hearing, detering silo and easing activities that required less sentence construction will a cquire around linguistic communication and cultural different barriers [ H. Buknall, 2005 ] . The statement stressed the of import of willingness to listen, allowing the other party to clear up any uncertainty without doing self premise to accomplish effectual communicating. Since Mastec had gained the position of regional headquarter in twelvemonth 2009, the HR activities had started to look into above demand, but the execution procedure is still at a learning phases. This is the ground why merely exile from Singapore was allocated to subordinate operation in Vietnam, whereas Thailand and India still managed straight from Japan. The effectivity of current organisation construction to pull off the subordinate and how effectual it can execute its function as regional headquarter and keeping the similar degree of corporate authorities as earlier demand to be evaluated. 2. Staffing Approach and Human Resource Orientation As a house come oning toward internationalisation, direction and command go more complex due to operation in geographical scattering and multiculturalism. In leveraging those factors, the transnational house can follow centralized or decentralized attack which of all time fits the complexness of its environments. Majority of Taiwanese s MNC likes Foxconn and Acer Computer practising centralized control system. Prahalad and Doz refer centralised attack as global integrating with rigorous control and determinations doing from headquarter. Decentralized attack is more towards local responsive that gives some determination doing liberty to its subordinate in order to best modify it merchandise and services to run into local market demands [ Prahalad, 1987 ] . Typical decentralized control company is a joint venture confederations. One of a mention company which operates really successfully under decentralized system is Johnson A ; Johnson. The IHRM literature used four attacks to pull offing and staffing its subordinate, called ethnocentric, polycentric, geocentric and regiocentric [ Perlmutter, 1979 ] . Through these four types of direction orientations, companies can clearly alter from one orientation to another, depending on the demands of the company [ Mujtaba, 2006 ] . This statement was proven by the determination of headquarter to alter direction system in Southeast from pure ethnocentric to regiocentric. Detail accounts of each type of the staffing approached are given as follows: 2.1 ) Ethnocentric. Is a staffing attack where subordinates are managed by staffs from PCN. In ethnocentric attack, PCNs are dispatched to make full in cardinal place of a subordinate in host-country. The head set of direction is what work at place, will work here [ Guergana K.S. A ; Mujtaba, 2009 ] . Some of the grounds to prosecute ethnocentric direction system are deficiency of qualified personal, competence or particular proficient cognition in HCNs. The demand for centralized control, hazard direction, needs for parent-subsidiary to keep good communicating and coordination are another grounds to pattern ethnocentric direction. However, there are several restrictions associated with ethnocentric system where HCNs has limited chance for calling publicity and leads to high turnover. Adaptation of exiles to host state takes much longer clip and frequently leads to hapless determination and cross-cultural struggle may happen [ Zeira, 1976 ] . High runing cost to prolong exiles disbursals being viewed as undue by HCNs. Typical illustration of ethnocentric attack company are Nipponese houses such as Panasonic, Sony and Hitachi. In Mastec organisation, the staffing attack for subordinates in Thailand, Vietnam and India adopted ethnocentric system due to miss of competence of HCNs and the demands for corporate communicating. Most of the clients in India and Thailand are Nipponese makers, hence an exile with Nipponese linguistic communication ability to pass on with client s parent company in Japan is still critical. 2.2 ) Polycentric In polycentric staffing attack, transnational houses rely on the HCN to run the concern operation and seldom PCN are transferred to foreign subordinate. Each subordinate is treated as an independent concern entity with determination doing liberty. In some instances, PCN belief that foreign markets are excessively hard to understand and therefore a articulation venture confederation was formed. The benefits of polycentric are local subordinate has more purchase to run concern operation and accomplish fastest local response to market demand. Polycentric system allows continuity of direction by HCNs in foreign subordinate. Language barrier, cross-cultural version jobs and high resettlement cost to prolong expatriate disbursals were eliminated. The disadvantage of polycentric is bridging spread between HCNs and PCNs at headquarter due to linguistic communication barrier, conflicting of national truenesss and conformity to headquarter HRM policies. There are possible hazards of subordinat e become federation, isolated from headquarter and non prosecuting corporate concern ends [ Dowling P.J 2008 ] . In Mastec s organisation, the constitution of subordinates in Indonesia and Malaysia was under joint venture confederation and run under polycentric system. In order to keep a sensible degree of control and to supply managerial and technology support, practical assignments system was implemented with frequent concern trips to see the subordinate company by the several director. 2.3 ) Geocentric The direction manner in geocentric staffing system focuses on planetary operation to pull best endowments and resources. Each subordinate and headquarter are interdependent of each other to do alone part based on their comparative advantages. An illustration of this company is Mercedes Benz, where the company beginnings natural stuffs around the universe from the lowest-cost position and assembles their autos in Germany where the best engineering is located. The strengths of geocentric attack are transnational houses able to develop a pool of planetary executive for deployment throughout the planetary organisation. It encourages calling development and publicity of high-voltage executive regardless of nationality. However, in the procedure of roll uping wisdoms and deploying expertness globally, host authorities may step in enlisting utilizing in-migration control to promote employment of HCNs. Extensive international socialization between PCN, HCN and TCN to back up geocentric staff ing system needs centralized control which reduced independence of subordinates and the staffing determination is clip devouring. High cost associated with cross-cultural preparation, resettlement disbursals and the demand to hold compensation bundle with international criterion gives significant fiscal load to the houses. 2.4 ) Regiocentric Regiocentric staffing attack focuses at a specific geographic boundary, but used a pool of directors from the subordinates within the part. Several regional headquarter can be formed such as in Asia, Europe and Middle East which will describe to headquarter in parent state. The regional headquarter additions determination doing liberty to run their concern. HCH will be able to interact with PCN posted in the regional headquarter. Parent company is able to keep sensible conformities to headquarter HR policy and manage hazards control with PCN staffed in regional office [ Dowling P.J 2008 ] . However, there is a potency of federation at regional instead than a state footing. Career chance besides limited to regional degree and deficiency of chance for HCN or TCN to research headquarter working experience. One should retrieve that the four direction orientations are non reciprocally sole. Therefore, they can take topographic point all the clip within same organisation for its sections or merchandise lines [ Guergana K.S. A ; Mujtaba, 2009 ] . The current organisation construction of Mastec clearly showing the application of assorted direction manners within an organisation. 3. Pull offing Cultural Differences Culture can be defined as shared of beliefs, values of a group of individual, ways of thought and life [ L. Laroche, 2007 ] . It encompasses what we are taught to believe and response to any given state of affairs by the society in which we are raised. In transnational concern context that runing globally, one has to be sensitive and understand the cultural ways of making concern. An illustration is, in Nipponese civilization, some of the determination devising procedure is executed through informal progress treatment to make a consensus called nemawashi [ Jon Miller 2007 ] . Greert Hofstede has defined civilization as: Culture is more frequently a beginning of struggle than of synergism. Cultural differences are a nuisance at best and frequently a catastrophe. [ Geert Hofstedea„? Cultural Dimensions, 2009 ] The statement implied that if we have an insight position of different people behaves in different civilizations, we will be given to interact with the people in other states more efficaciously to make successful concern consequences. The Hofstede s five cultural dimensions of survey can be applied to hold broader positions of national civilization. Power Distance: Most of the states in Southeast Asia part exhibits big power distance. In such organisation, most of the power centralized in the custodies of few cardinal staffs. Subordinates have high dependence on their foremans and are improbable to near and belie with their foremans straight. Individuality: States in Southeast Asia are a assorted of individuality and Bolshevism. Thailand, Indonesia and Vietnam are more Bolshevisms due to the people from birth onwards are integrated into cohesive groups, high regard for royal household and household oriented. In Nipponese civilization, individual sentiments about do non be and employees will move harmonizing to the involvement of their group ~ the group come before single. American and Australia states exhibit high individuality where people are more self-oriented. Maleness: Refer to the societies where gender functions are clearly distinguishable. In maleness society male are supposed to be self-asserting, tough and material success oriented. Female are supposed to be more modest, stamp, submissive and concerned with quality. In Asiatic society, particularly Korean and Nipponese company, the maleness civilization is stronger, where female staffs are expected to function tea whenever there is an of import visitant. Uncertainty Avoidance: This can be defined as people tolerance toward uncertainness or ambiguity. It indicate to what widen the cultural intricate a individual to exhibit the feeling of uncomfortable and nervous in unstructured state of affairss. State of USA and UK exhibit low degree of uncertainness turning away whereas Japan and Singapore exhibit high degree of uncertainness turning away. An illustration, Japan tends to hold rigorous Torahs and processs to which their people adhered closely. Long-run Orientation: Long-run orientation versus short-run orientation. This 5th civilization is said to cover with Virtue regardless of Truth . Valuess associated with long-run orientation are thrift and doggedness and values associated with short-run orientation are regard for tradition, carry throughing societal duties, and protecting one s face . Both the positively and the negatively rated values of this dimension are found in the instructions of Confucius, the most influential Chinese philosopher who lived around 500 B.C. This dimension besides applies to states without a Confucian heritage such as Brazil. [ Hofstede, 1994, Geert Hofstedea„? Cultural Dimensions, 2009 ] Beyond the economic and political-legal issues, a state s cultural environment ( communications, faith, values and political orientations, instruction, and societal construction ) besides has an of import deductions when it comes to a company s determination about when and how to make concern at that place [ Bohlander/Snell 2007 ] . Asiatic society comprised of assorted civilizations and traditional imposts inherited from different states. It is critical for a planetary director or exile to to the full cognizant of the several civilization before going for international assignment. Some director can follow culturally appropriate behaviours, but that does non use all the clip in all cultural puting [ Dowling P.J, 2008 ] . Therefore, it is indispensable for HR to set up and facilitates cultural preparation to fit exiles with necessary accomplishments to get by with the new environment in foreign state. 4. Exiles Selection Hiring and deployment people to efficaciously execute international assignment is a important determination because failure in expatriate assignment will do immense fiscal loss, damaging a concern, and distance a dealingss between subordinate and parent company. One can reason that an expatriate failure represents a choice mistake, compounded in some instances by hapless expatriate direction [ Eugene A ; Nic, 2002 ] . Recruitment and choice is a procedure of seeking possible occupation campaigners and garnering information for the intent of measuring and make up ones minding best people for a peculiar vacancy. The factors involved in expatriate choice can be assessed from single and state of affairs facets. Individual factors are one ) proficient ability, two ) cross-culture suitableness, and three ) household demand, whereas state of affairs factors are categorized as I ) civilization or state demand, two ) linguistic communication, three ) MNE demand. Technical ability of an employee to execute the needed undertakings is the most of import consideration, given most of the ground for international assignment is to fill up place . That means, particular accomplishments and competence or of import functions will be assigned to the exile. In most of the developing state such as Vietnam and India, deficiency of HCN s staffs ability required parent company to despatch expertness to make the occupations every bit good as cognition transportation. Giving that ground, an effectual accomplishment of exile is besides of import to interpret proficient or managerial accomplishments to HCN. Cross-culture suitableness or ability to accommodate to foreign environment is important for an exile to run independently in foreign environment. The desirable properties shall include cultural empathy, adaptability, diplomatic negotiations, linguistic communication ability, positive attitude, emotionally stableness and adulthood [ Caligiuri, 2000 ] . An employee with high coping accomplishment enabled him to last and blend into local civilization. Apart from civilization ability, person s personality, communicating accomplishments and attitude to alien are besides of import factors for exile to construct up personal web in foreign state, therefore contribute to successful of international assignment. Family demand determines the ability of household members to accommodate to the new foreign environment, peculiarly partner. The duty of partner to setup new place, plus the down side emotional feeling of go forthing behind a calling, friends and societal support web may do load to an exile and affected the work public presentation. The major causes of expatriate failure are household accommodation doing premature going, hapless public presentations, lifestyle issues, work accommodation, concern clime and repatriation issues, and other chances arise. By far, the biggest factor tends to be a partner s inability to set to his or her new milieus [ Riki Takeuchi, 2002 ] . Break to kids instruction, the demand to take attention of aging parents and detention of kids for a individual parent may do the selected campaigner to reject the international assignment. In order to avoid load of draging partner, the director assigned to India is without attach toing by his partner and kids. State or cultural demand may enforce limitation to use PCN or TCN. Multinational house demand to show that HCN is non available, or supplying a preparation plan to reassign cognition to HCN before the host authorities will publish working license. An illustration is in UK, working license for Nipponese linguistic communication interlingual rendition is easy to obtain compared technology occupations. In some state, working licenses merely issued to deport where draging partner is non permitted to work, which may make accommodation jobs. Or work license merely issues to male exile ( eg. no work license for adult female exile in Middle East state ) . MNE staffing policy is another of import determination to run into company objective, for illustration cognition transportation, direction development or organisation development. The motivational of HCN, HCN s calling patterned advance and maintaining the lowest cost of concern operation besides need to be considered. However, for the ground of corporate control and the demand for particular accomplishments, staffing of PCN can non be avoided. Other situational factors are manner of operation, continuance and type of assignment and sum of cognition transportations will impact the staffing policy. The ability to talk local linguistic communication linked to the capableness to larn local civilization. Differences in linguistic communication are recognized as major barrier to effectual cross-cultural communicating. Even though, many transnational houses topographic points linguistic communication at less of import standards and they view linguistic communication as a mechanical which is manageable by single. Exiles who are able to talk local linguistic communication will be regarded as portion of the local society which make concern communicating much easier and friendlier. The other of import facet of linguistic communication is the ability to understand corporate linguistic communication. Some transnational house from non-English talking states may follow corporate communicating utilizing the linguistic communication of parent state ( eg. Nipponese or Korean ) as a standard manner of describing. Prospective campaigner may be eliminated from the possible pool due to a deficienc y of competence in the common linguistic communication [ R.Marschanp, 1999 ] . Therefore, linguistic communication ability may restrict the transnational house ability to choose the most appropriate campaigner. The demand of Nipponese linguistic communication to pass on with Nipponese clients has placed limitation of expatriate choice in India A ; Thailand. 5. Lessons Learned The determination of headquarter in Japan to alter direction system in Southeast Asia part has put great force per unit areas on Mastec s HR direction to looks beyond local context. Throughout the procedure of implementing IHRM activities, legion valuable experiences have been learned for future betterment although there is no major jobs arise. Those experiences suggested that IHRM does non merely ease and back uping concern units but plays a strategic functions to originate the planning procedure and supervising the execution throughout the organisation. The close coordination between HR section and single concern units in the execution procedure is indispensable to recognize the company expostulations. Several experiences gained are examined below for larning procedure: 5.1 ) Mis-match of outlook: Lack of cultural apprehension: It is non surprise that the cultural preparation was ignored because HR section has taken for granted that Singapore is a multicultural state. The outlook director from the HNC in term of reactivity and local staffs direction have causes conflict under seeable direction system. This had resulted the director to wing more frequently to the finish to decide the issues. 5.2 ) Lack of cultural apprehension: In India, keeping custodies between male-and-male indicate good relationship and trust of each other. However, this pattern has given a civilization daze to the Nipponese exile when a local client tried to keep his manus during the walks for tiffin after a serious concern treatment. 5.3 ) Insufficient expatriate agreements: The last proceedingss determination of choosing a campaigner for occupation assignments in Vietnam has given surprises to the partners. In order to maintain his occupation public presentation, the exile agreed on the assignment and go forth behind his sick parent to be taken attention by his partner entirely. Frequently, the exile has to return to place at his ain disbursals for going cost. 5.4 ) Lack of communicating channel: The above mentioned exile does non has communicating channel to relay his personal job to the company. Approaching straight to his foreman could be misinterpreted into demanding for excess benefits. The issue may be solved if HR could near open-minded treatment or utilizing mentoring attack. 5.5 ) Language barrier: Due to the alone communicating demand with Nipponese exile of clients and possible local campaigner for occupations assignment in Thailand and India was eliminated. This has slowed down company nonsubjective to cut down runing cost toward regiocentric direction system. 5.6 ) Lack of broader position: Due to different compensation bundle for abroad assignment between Nipponese and Singapore exile, a possible local campaigner who has Nipponese linguistic communication ability rejected the offers for occupation assignment in India. The difference of compensation particularly in hardship state has viewed as undue and less attractive by local staff. 5.7 ) Lack of cultural apprehension: A freshly expatriate Nipponese director exercises his authorization to coerce a group of employee to work during the cultural national vacation in Thailand ( Buddhist festival jubilation ) . The director has promised to his client to despatch his employees to back up production and will pay ternary wage for the over-time working hours. Without understanding the cultural pattern of spiritual jubilation in Thailand, he applied pure ethnocentric direction manner that worked good in Japan into Thailand society. That incident caused cultural struggle between that group or worker and the exile. 6. Decisions The internationalisation procedure of Mastec is still at an early phase where there are still many activities needed to set in topographic point to beef up its operation. Mastec need to look beyond its coverage of IHRM surveies in the country of preparation and development, public presentation direction of exile, direction of repatriates, sequence program, industrial relation, and human resources direction in host-country. The issues and jobs that originate could be avoided if the proper pre-departure preparations were conducted before expatriate assignment. People before Products is a doctrine of the laminitis of Panasonic Group company, Konosuke Matsushita ( 1984-1989 ) , stress on cultivating the possible ability and development of workers before concern [ Konosuke Matsushita, 2007 ] . For illustration, Samsung Electronics used internal developed Local Expert plan to develop employees to better understand the international concern environment [ Tony Michell, 2010 ] . We can besides foretell that in long tally there is possibility for parent company determination to travel toward to polycentric system in Southeast Asia part subjected to successful of current agreement. Therefore, it is important for Mastec to implement more IHRM activities in order to show its independence and capableness to pull off the regional concern. At the same clip, it is indispensable to derive regard and trust from headquarter by following strong corporate administration, cooperation and conformities to headquarter HR policies in Japan. 7. Bibliography Peter J.Dowling ; Marion Festing A ; Allen D.Engle, SR. : International Human Resources Management ( 2008 ) . South-Western Cengage Learning Hugh Scullion A ; Margaret Linehan: International Human Resources Management ( 2005 ) Evan P ; Lorange: The Two Logics Behind Human Resource Management ( 1989 ) . Palgrave Macmillan Hugh Bucknall ; Reiji Ohtaki: Mastering Business in Asia ( 2005 ) . John Wiley A ; Son D.A. Heenan and H.V. Perlmutter: Multinational Organization Development ( 1979 ) Addision-Wesley. Prahalad C.K. ; and Doz Y.L: The Multinational Mission , Balancing Local Demand and Global Vision ( 1987 ) . New York, Free Press Mujtaba B.G: Cross Cultural Change Management ( 2006 ) . Liumina Press, Tamarac, Florida Guergana Karadjova-Stoev ; Mujtaba B.G: Strategy Human Resource Management and Global Expansion Lessons from The Euro Disney Challenges in France , International Business A ; Economics Research Journal, Vol.8, No. 1 ( January 2009 ) , pp.69-77 Y.Zeira: Management Development in Ethnocentric Multinational Corporation , California Business Review, Vol. 18, No.4 ( 1976 ) , pp.34-42 Lionel Laroche ; Don Rutherford: Recruiting, Retaining, and Promoting Culturally Differences Employees ( 2007 ) . Butterworth-Heinemanm Jon Miller ( 2007 ) : The Art of Nemawashi hypertext transfer protocol: //www.gembapantarei.com/2007/03/the_art_of_nemawashi.html Geert Hofstedea„? Cultural Dimensions. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.geert-hofstede.com/ Geert Hofstede: Cultural and Organization Intercultural-cooperation and its of import for endurance ( 1994 ) . Maidenhead, McGraw Hill Bohlander/Snell: Managing Human Resources ( 2007 ) , 14e. Thomson South-Western Eugene McKenna and Nic Beech: Human Resources Management-a concise analysis ( 2002 ) . Financial times, Prentice Hall P. Caligiuri: The Big Five Personality Characteristics as Forecasters of Expatriate s Desire to End the Assignment and Supervisor-rated Performance . Personal Psychology, Vol. 53 ( 2000 ) , pp 67-88. R.Marschanp-Piekkari, D.Welch and L.Welch: Adopting Common Corporate Language , International Journal of Human Resource Management, Vol. 10, No.3 ( 1999 ) , pp.377-90 Riki Takeuchi, Seokhwa Yun, and Paul Tesluk: An Examination of Crossover and Spillover Effects of Spousal and Expatriate Cross-Cultural Adjustment on Expatriate Outcomes . Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 87, No. 4 ( August 2002 ) : 655-66. Konosuke Matsushita: Konosuke Matsushita s Enduring Insight-The Heart of Management ( 2007 ) . PHP INSTITUTE, INC, ISBN978-4-569-69112-1 Tony Michell: Samsung Electronics-and the battle for leading of the electronics industry ( 2010 ) . John Wiley A ; Son

The impact of the decision on the social work profession The WritePass Journal

The impact of the decision on the social work profession Introduction The impact of the decision on the social work profession ). Although it was concluded that a serious error in professional judgment was a leading cause to the death of the infant, it was mentioned repeatedly that there was a staffing problem in the department at the time and as a result, an overburdened caseload. This is not a novel argument as it has been noted in a number of reports that under staffing and over burdening, coupled with a number of other issues, is a leading cause of failure to satisfy demand for social work cases (The Lord Laming, 2009; BASW, 2012; Munro, 2011). If one takes this further in light of policy objectives, surely these failures cannot be attributed then to the individual social welfare professional. Every Child Matters called for institutional accountability for failure to protect children which involves cross-organisational cooperation and communication. The failure therefore of social welfare professionals as a result of an overburdened caseload should be attributed to the organization that they represent, u nless there is clear evidence of professional negligence or an error in professional judgment. By failing to take account of organizational failure in these SCR one is declining to account for these resource constraints which may be described as the root cause of these failures. Until these causes are therefore addressed, the problems and failures will continue to surface and in turn, the policy objectives and sought outcomes identified by Every Child Matters will not be met. Since the decision of Baby P. it has been reported that there are thousands more children taken into care. The effect of the Baby P. decision has essentially had a chilling effect on the occupation of social workers, as now there is a much lower threshold for intervention in the lives of vulnerable children at risk of neglect and abuse (Butler, 2012). The effect that the case has had on public awareness has also raised a standard of care for children, and generally there has been a greater concern for the wellbeing of children (Flannigan, 2012). Despite this increased concern, a lower threshold for intervention and an increased awareness as a result of the Baby P. case, there has still been a 58% increase in the workload of social welfare professionals since the decision in that case, with reports of many professionals leaving the profession entirely due to the unrealistic workload (Ibid). It can be argued therefore that there has been a disproportionate effect on the profession whic h is severely impacting the efficiency of those professionals. On one hand, there has been a greater diligence with regards to child care because of the decision, clearly there has been a chilling effect on these social workers, however this has not been proportionately dealt with by the allocation of additional resources to handle the excess workload. This has been noted in the media, where the increased vigilance has been commended, however with a warning that there are further budget cuts in the near future making it unlikely that local councils will be able to meet the current demand on the system (Butler, 2012). This is particularly troubling as prior to the decision in Baby P. there were already concerns over the workload of social welfare professionals. The reality of working across organizational boundaries and cultures presents significant difficulty to all parties involved, not least of which is the heavy administrative burden that is placed on these individuals (The Lord Laming, 2009). Indeed, certain professionals have been cited as saying that they have little time to do home visits at all, because of this heavy administrative burden (BASW, 2012). The extent to which this affects the profession has even prompted BASW to call for local government intervention by assigning administrative staff to handle these administrative responsibilities in order to allow social welfare professionals to get on with their work that they were employed and trained to do. There is a continued argument that these professionals are not afforded the opportunity to do their work, because of the presence of alternative duties that carry sanction for a failure to comply with. Whilst these administrative duties are arguably necessary due to the intricat e nature of the work involved, burdening social workers with these responsibilities clearly is not having the intended effect. The lack of support and resources again has prompted third sector parties, such as BASW to call for simplification of role of social welfare professionals in order for them to get on with their jobs. The evolution of the social welfare profession into a bureaucratic monster is linked to the problem of administrative burden and under staffing. A paper trail of administrative documentation demonstrating compliance with the required procedures has become the primary means of accountability (Munro, 2011). Not only does this increase the administrative burden, or indeed constitute the large majority of that burden, it also blurs lines of accountability. In the same way that most industry has line managers and channels of accountability to ensure effective work performance, so too is this necessary in the social welfare profession in order to run effectively. Local Safeguarding Childrens Boards (DfES, 2010), the Director of Children’s Services and other key figures in local authority and partner organizations need to be identified for these professionals in order to account effectively. Without these clear lines of accountability, serious cases and review of circumstances will b e lost in this bureaucratic process between professionals (Munro, 2011). The need for reform in this area of the public sector is very apparent and the implementation of correct monitoring and review systems would be likely to avoid situations resulting in SCR. It is arguable that if there had been better communication and reporting structures in the case of Peter Conolly, the error in professional judgment attributed to the social workers would have been entirely avoided as the case would be reviewed by other professionals. A major concern in the attainment of policy objectives for the protection of children is the rising concern about the unqualified practice of social workers. Simply put, there is a growing consensus that the training provided coupled with the lack of support given and the intense bureaucracy of process, is wholly inadequate (BASW, 2012). A large percentage of social welfare professionals feel that the training provided did not adequately prepare them for the realities of working in the profession and further that unqualified professionals are being employed to attempt to fill staffing vacancies, however these professionals are not adequately trained, but hired as a cheaper alternative. Further highlighted was the idea that the dominance of prescribed administrative tasks is also inhibiting the further knowledge acquisition by staff (Munro, 2011). The attempt by the state to simplify the criteria and standards of judgment has had the effect of disallowing independence of these profess ionals in this industry and this in turn has inhibited performance.   It is therefore the recommendation of Munro (2011) that continued professional development is highly necessary, as well as a review of initial training. Conclusion It is clear that the government and third sector parties involved have a clear objective and mission statement for social welfare practices nationally. There is a very clear agenda to eradicate occurrences of abuse and non-accidental death such as those of Victoria Climbià © and Peter Conolly. The Lord Laming report (2009) highlights the successes of this area, however also the grave failures. The realization of these objectives and therefore full realization of children’s right is severely hampered by what can be summarized as budgetary or resource constraints. The intense overburdening, lack of staffing, assumption of excessive administrative duties and lack or inadequacy of training is all knock-on effects of severe resource restriction. The conclusion therefore is that the decision to dismiss social workers in a case such as Peter Conolly will more often than not be a case of lack of support for these social workers leading to errors with fatal consequences. It seems to b e an unfair burden on these professionals to hold them to account, when in reality it is an institutional failure that need be addressed. The impact of the Baby P. decision has increased the workload of these professionals whilst holding them to a higher standard of professional vigilance, without additional support in an already overburdened profession. This has had a positive effect on the care standards for children, however a significantly detrimental effect on the social workers themselves. The social workers therefore should not individually be held to account, but rather a professional failure of the institution. By ignoring the cause of these professional failures one is doing a great harm to the morale in the profession as highlighted by published statistics on the matter (BASW, 2012). Unfortunately, social welfare is evolving into a thankless task as there is great expectation on these professionals, however little support to encourage or motivate them. Until such time as these constraints are reviewed and the departments reformed, fatalities such as Peter Conolly will continue to be an occupational hazard. The evolution of policy prioritizing the rights of children is impressive to say the least, however without correct implementation of measures to realize these policy objectives, these goals may never be reached. The current burden on these professionals is unreasonable in the circumstances and ironically the quest to end abuse against children has led to a professional abuse in the social welfare profession generally. References Reports Butler, P. (2012) Thousands more children taken into care in wake of Baby Peter case The Guardian [online] (Last updated 25 May 2012 18.28) Available on: guardian.co.uk/society/2012/may/25/children-in-care-baby-peter [Accessed 19 July 2012] Christou Ward v London Borough of Haringey [2012] UKEAT 0298_11_2505 Flannigan, A. (2012) Baby Peter Connellys Anniversary: Five Years on Is the UK Safer for Children? The Huffington Post [online] (Last updated 2 February 2012 17:57) Available on: huffingtonpost.co.uk/andrew-flanagan/baby-peter-connelly-uk-safe-children_b_1727255.html [Accessed 19 July 2012] Haringey Local Safeguarding Childrens Board, 2009 (Serious Case Review ‘Child A’) (ref: March 2009) London: Department for Education The British Association of Social Workers, 2012 (The State of Social Work 2012) (Ref: 15/05/2012) London: sn The Department for Education, 2004 (Every Child Matters: Change for Children) (DfES/1081/2004) London: Department for Education The Department for Children, Schools and Families, 2010 (Working Together to Safeguard Children: A guide to inter-agency working to safeguard and promote the welfare of children) (DCSF-00305-2010) London: Department for Education The Department for Education, 2011 (The Munro Review of Child Protection: Final Report, A child centred system) (ref: May 2011) London: Department of Education The House of Commons: The Lord Laming, 2009 (The Protection of Children in England: A Progress Report) (ref: 15 March 2009) London: The Stationary Office Legislation International Conventions The Adoption and Children Act 2002 The Children and Adoption Act 2006 The Childrens Act 1989 The Childrens Act 2004 The Criminal Justice and Court Services Act 2000 The European Convention of Human Rights 1950 The European Convention on the Exercise of Children Rights 1996 The Human Rights Act 1998 The United Nation Convention on the Rights of a Child